Reference: 679
Author: Luker, Ralph E.
Title: "Garry Wills and the New Debate over the Declaration of Independence,"
Publication: Virginia Quarterly Review
Volume: 56
Date: (1980)
Extent: 244-61.

Notes: Focus on Wills, but informative about recent issues in explaining TJ and the Declaration. Describes Wills's intellectual background and describes his Inventing America as "a distributive reconstruction of the Declaration" and Wills's major critics as representing the "libertarian, traditionalist, and anti-Communist strands on the American Right." Notes that Wills reverses Becker's approach to the text by beginning with a consideration of the history of grievances and petitions to King and Parliament, then considering TJ's irritation with Congress at changes to his text (which Becker had minimized), particularly at Congress's elimination of all traces of his theory of expatriation. Puts Inventing America in the context of other scholarship on TJ and the Declaration as well as in the context of recent contemporary political controversy on the Right.

Reference: 693
Author: Thorup, Oscar A., Jr.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson: Founder of Two Medical Schools,"
Publication: Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association
Volume: 92
Date: (1980)
Extent: 16-22.

Notes: TJ was instrumental in founding the medical school at William and Mary and that at the University of Virginia.

Reference: A6
Author: Carsley, Mark K.
Title: "Jeffersonian Indian Policy in Practice: William Hull and the Treaty of Detroit, 1807."
Publication: Detroit Perspectives
Volume: 5
Date: (Fall 1980)
Extent: 20-39.

Notes: Not seen.

Reference: A12
Author: Dabney, Dick
Title: "The Father of Our City."
Publication: Washingtonian
Volume: 16
Date: (November, 1980)
Extent: 73-89.

Notes: TJ as the genius behind the federal city and its emergence from a wilderness. More important than his work for its design and creation is the standard of culture and civilization he set that was and is a steady reproach to the two varieties of "killer-swine" which have always infested Washington: Federalist greed heads and the low lifes who prefer idleness, crime, and self-pity to work (pretty much like the Federalists in the author's estimation).

Reference: A16
Author: Drinnon, Richard
Title: "Thomas Jefferson," "Jefferson, II: Benevolence Betrayed"
Publication: Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building
Publisher: University of Minnesota Press,
Place of Publication: Minneapolis:
Date: (1980)
Extent: 78-98.

Notes: Also in a paperback edition, same year, New American Library; reprinted in slightly different form in 1990 by Schocken Books, New York. Argues that the racism scholars such as Winthrop Jordan and David Brion Davis have described as the basis of TJ's attitudes toward blacks informed his attitudes toward Indians as well. Points to the "elusiveness" of TJ's character and the contradictions between his rhetoric and actions and suggests that he managed to deceive himself about his own role as friend of the Indians. A strongly-argued and well-supported analysis, even if driven by a larger thesis about pervasive American racism and imperialism which leads to simplification of the loyalties and moral responsibilities that actually pulled at TJ.

Reference: A18
Author: Dumbauld, Edward
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the New York Bar."
Publication: New York State Bar Journal
Volume: 52
Date: (1980)
Extent: 582-87.

Notes: Notes TJ's experience as a lawyer and legal scholar and discusses his encounters with those eminent members of the New York Bar, Hamilton, Burr, and Edward Livingston.

Reference: A26
Author: Hargrove, Eugene C.
Title: "Anglo-American Land Use Attitudes."
Publication: Environmental Ethics
Volume: 2
Date: (1980)
Extent: 121-48.

Notes: Confronted with resistance to environmental and social concerns on the part of land owners who maintain their right to use (or misuse) their land any way they please, the author traces the genesis of this attitude from ancient German and Saxon land tenure through TJ's writings and Locke's theory of property. TJ linked his defense of allodial rights to the soil to Saxon precedents, which took a short-sighted view of the effects of using the land, and he agreed with Locke's assertion that labor on the land created property rights. This notion that right to the land was gained by transforming it worked against efforts to preserve unaltered natural landscape, such as his own protection of the Natural Bridge.

Reference: A29
Author: Isern, Thomas D.
Title: "Jefferson's Salt Mountain: The Big Salt Plain of the Cimarron River."
Publication: Chronicles of Oklahoma
Volume: 58
Date: (1980)
Extent: 160-75.

Notes: TJ was derided by partisan writers for mentioning in his November 1803 message to Congress on the Louisiana Territory the reported existence of a mountain of solid rock salt "said to be one hundred and eighty miles long." This was the product not of fiction but of misunderstanding (and some exaggeration). The original was the Big Salt Plain of the Cimarron, west of present day Freedom, Oklahoma. Zebulon Pike and Meriwether Lewis passed on such stories and claimed to have seen bushels of salt brought from there. In 1811 George C. Sibley was the first U.S. citizen to visit the site. Discusses other visitors and scientists who subsequently studied the phenomenon.

Reference: A33
Author: Jarvis, Thomas Michael
Title: "The Founding Fathers and the Future of American Foreign Policy: Unity and Disunity, 1783-88.", Ph.D. dissertation. American University,
Publication: DAI; 771-A.
Volume: 41
Date: (1980)
Extent: pp. 304.

Notes: Compares views on foreign policy held by Washington, TJ, Hamilton, John Adams, Jay, Madison, and Monroe during the 1780's. Claims that traditional accounts have emphasized the broad agreement these men had on foreign policy while not sufficiently recognizing their differences over "how to deal with specific issues facing the nation." Discusses differences over views on the possible future direction of American commerce, how to deal with the Barbary Pirates, and the importance of navigational rights on the Mississippi. Opinions expressed by these seven in the 1780's help to explain their future actions and the later evolution of two political parties.

Reference: A38
Author: Krejci, Oskar
Title: "Americky' Sen A Lidska' Pra'va" ("The American Dream and Human Rights.")
Publication: Filozoficky Casopis
Volume: 28
Date: (1980)
Extent: 482-500.

Notes: Argues that because the Declaration of Independence is the first document of broad national significance which sets forth a demand for human rights, bourgeois theoreticians often claim that the struggle to establish human rights forms the very essence of the American dream. Claims that a "critical analysis" of the American Enlightenment, especially the works of TJ and Paine, shows that from the first years of the U. S. the struggle for human rights should not be understood in the context of a developing liberalism but must be seen in the context of the ideas of revolutionary democrats. This represents the real meaning of the American Enlightenment for us from the point of view of Marxism-Leninism. In Czech; summary in Russian.

Reference: A40
Author: LeCoat, Gerard G.
Title: "La Vallèe des morts à Monticello: L'animisme comme informant du projet de Thomas Jefferson."
Publisher: Coloquio Artes, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation,
Volume: no. 47
Place of Publication: Lisbon.
Date: (December, 1980)
Extent: 12-23.

Notes: Describes TJ's project first apparently articulated in 1771 to construct a burying place in the tradition of other late Enlightenment (or pre-romantic) projects to memorialize the dead. Argues that TJ's plan, which was never realized, was informed by an anthropomorphic pantheism which was linked to his version of natural religion. His proposal for a burying place which would also be a garden landscape at once sentimental and moral finds parallels in the varying works of Paul Decker, Bernardin St. Pierre, Edward Young, and Thomas Gray.

Reference: A50
Author: Muller, Virginia Lewis
Title: "The Idea of Perfectibility (From Condorcet to Gandhi).", Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Santa Barbara
Publication: DAI ; 4572-A.
Volume: 42
Date: (1980)
Extent: pp. 351.

Notes: Chapter four examines the democratic implications of a doctrine of perfectibility as revealed in the writings of TJ, who, the author contends, stressed the concept's highly individualistic affirmation of self-determination.

Reference: A51
Author: Musselman, Gunner
Title: "History: Tracing the Ohio Roots of Thomas Jefferson's Family Tree."
Publication: Ohio Magazine
Date: (November, 1980)
Extent: 73-74.

Notes: Actually, it's the supposed branches of the tree, not roots. Uncritically finds Brodie's history persuasive, notes the Ohio connection by way of Madison Hemings. Hemings descendants now in Ohio have rebuffed amateur historians' inquiries.

Reference: A55
Author: Ophuls, William
Title: "Citizenship and Ecological Education."
Publication: Teachers College Record
Volume: 82
Date: (1980)
Extent: 217-40.

Notes: Describes the possibilities of Hamiltonian vs. Jeffersonian citizenship. Claims America took the former path, one of commitment to commercial complexity and national power vs . TJ's line of agrarian simplicity and individual virtue. Calls for a "neo-Jeffersonian" response of frugality and fraternity. Somewhat naive and limited view of TJ, but an interesting attempt to draw upon his authority.

Reference: A58
Author: Parsons, Howard L.
Title: "The Significance of the Declaration of Independence of the U.S.A."
Publication: Self, Global Issues, and Ethics
Publisher: B. R. Gruner Publishing,
Place of Publication: Amsterdam:
Date: (1980)
Extent: 49-66.

Notes: A Marxist analysis, arguing that TJ and the Declaration were important in so far as they prepared the way for the socialist revolutions in the twentieth century. Sees TJ as a forerunner of Marx and Engels and the theory of natural rights as anticipating the materialist view that human bodily needs collectively united are the prime driving force of human history. Although TJ was a "dialectical thinker" to a limited degree, he "was born too soon to realize that the declining class of feudalists was rapidly being displaced by a rising class of capitalists who would vex and vitiate the people more extensively and viciously than George III had done." Basically an apologetic which tries to have TJ and Marx too, but does by simplifying each of them.

Reference: A67
Author: Risjord, Norman K.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson: A Summary View,"
Publication: Representative Americans: The Revolutionary Generation
Publisher: D. C. Heath,
Place of Publication: Lexington MA:
Date: (1980)
Extent: 231-252.

Notes: Biographical sketch in text growing out of a course on "Representative Americans," offered first by Bernard Mayo at the University of Virginia, later by the author at the University of Wisconsin.

Reference: A69
Author: Rutland, Robert A.
Title: "Madison's Bookish Habits."
Publication: Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress
Volume: 37
Date: (1980)
Extent: 176-91.

Notes: Discusses TJ's influence on Madison's reading interests and compares their bookbuying practices. TJ encouraged Madison's acquisition of books and shared an interest in many of the same topics. Madison was more constrained by his pocketbook than was TJ, but a full description of his library has not survived.

Reference: A70
Author: Shawen, Neil McDowell
Title: "The Casting of a Lengthened Shadow: Thomas Jefferson's Role in Determining the Site of a State University in Virginia." Ed.D. dissertation. George Washington University
Publication: DAI ; 567-A.
Volume: 41
Date: (1980)
Extent: pp. 479.

Notes: Examines in considerable detail how Charlottesville came to be chosen as the site for the University of Virginia. A central location was critical to his evolving concept of the state university, and he increasingly identified "centrality" with Albemarle County as he progressively abandoned notions of transforming William and Mary into his ideal institution and encountered schemes for national and international education. Discusses his work on the governing board of the Albemarle Academy and the elevation of that school to the status of a college. Also considers deliberations in the General Assembly on the university issue and the eventual victory of TJ and his ally Joseph C. Cabell over rivals from Staunton and Lexington.

Reference: A74
Author: Sobel, Samuel
Title: "The Savior of Monticello" and "The Case of the Wandering Statue"
Publication: Intrepid Sailor
Publisher: Cresset Publishers,
Place of Publication: Philadelphia:
Date: (1980)
Extent: 25-60.

Notes: In a collection of essays about Commodore Uriah P. Levy, these two focus on Levy's admiration of TJ and his purchase of Monticello and efforts to restore it and preserve it for the people of the United states and on his commissioning of the statue of TJ by David d'Angers and his subsequent presentation of it to the U. S.

Reference: A78
Author: Stuckey, William K.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson in the Tune-Inn."
Publication: Omni
Volume: 2
Date: (January, 1980)
Extent: 22, 115.

Notes: TJ visits a Washington D. C. saloon, circa 1980, to engage in a political conversation with habitues who despair at the choices of presidential candidate in the coming election. His suggestion for a campaign theme for 1980: "An end to emptiness."

Reference: A79
Author: Szyszkowski, Waclaw
Title: Tworcy Stanow Zjednoczonych.
Publisher: Wiedza Pokszechna,
Place of Publication: Warszawa:
Date: (1980)
Extent: pp.427.

Notes: In Polish. Account of the founding of the U. S. focused on the careers of Washington, Hamilton, and TJ.

Reference: A84
Author: Troianovskaia, M. O.
Title: "Tomas Dzhefferson i Politicheskaia Bor'ba na Pervom Kontinental'nom Kongresse (K Istorii Formirovaniia Politicheskikh Fraktsii)."
Publisher: Vestnik Moskovskoye Universiteta, Seriia VIII, Istoria.
Volume: no.4,
Date: (1980)
Extent: 54-66.

Notes: Discusses the Summary View as a basis for the Declaration, and argues that TJ articulated there a radical version of the argument between the colonies and the British parliament which influenced the subsequent development of party differences in the United States. In Russian.

Reference: A87
Author: Wynne, Edward A.
Title: "Improving Student Discipline in the 80's: The Revival of Deterrence."
Publication: Contemporary Education
Volume: 52
Date: (1980)
Extent: 30-35.

Notes: Shows TJ's ability to adapt promptly and appropriately to problems of student disorder in 1825 at the University, and compares it to our contemporary society's apparent unwillingness to let go of simplistic illusions about the same problem in our time.

Reference: 7
Author: Doumato, Lamia
Title: Architect Thomas Jefferson: A Selected Bibliography
Publication: Vance Bibliographies
Place of Publication: Monticello, Ill.
Date: (1980)
Extent: pp.9

Notes: no note

Reference: 69
Author: Anonymous
Title: Anniversary Dinner at Monticello, April 13, 1980 in Memory of Thomas Jefferson.
Publisher: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation
Place of Publication: Monticello
Date: (1980)
Extent: pp.(5)

Notes: Note by Lucretia Ramsey Bishko, "A Dinner at Monticello," describing 1820 visit by John S. Skinner, editor of the American Farmer.

Reference: 384
Author: Dumbauld, Edward
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the City of Washington"
Publication: Records of the Columbia Historical Society of Washington D.C. The
Publication: The Society
Place of Publication: Washington
Date: (1980)
Extent: 67-80

Notes: Discusses TJ's connections with the city of Washington, including the roles in creating and establishing the national capital, his architectural activities, and his life as a resident

Reference: 629
Author: Kaplan, Lawrence S.
Title: "Reflections on Jefferson as a Francophile."
Publication: South Atlantic Quarterly
Volume: 79
Date: (1980)
Extent: 38-50

Notes: Claims that TJ's Francophilia did not compromise his position as a public man, but that it did give later historians a handy theme around which to organize praise and criticism.

Reference: 682
Author: Langhorne, Elizabeth
Title: "The Other Hemings."
Publication: Albemarle Magazine
Volume: 3
Date: (1980)
Extent: 59-66

Notes: Good article for a popular audience; criticizes Brodie's evidence and reasoning.

Reference: 747
Author: Maelor, Arglwydd
Title: Thomas Jefferson Trydydd Arlywydd America
Publisher: Gwasg Gee
Place of Publication: Dinbych
Date: (1980)
Extent: pp. 80.

Notes: In Welsh.

Reference: 783
Author: Marienstras, Elise
Title: "Thomas Jefferson et la naissance des Etats-Unis."
Publication: L'Histoire
Volume: 19
Date: (1980)
Extent: 30-39

Notes: TJ as "une figure emblematique d'Amerique."

Reference: 972
Author: Pilling, Ron
Title: "'... Permit Me Again to Suggest That You Receive the Olive Branch ...'."
Publication: American History Illustrated
Volume: 15
Date: (1980)
Extent: none given

Notes: no note

Reference: 1036
Author: Rodgers, William
Title: "Autographs: The Man of Monticello."
Publication: Hobbies
Volume: 85
Date: (1980)
Extent: 100-01

Notes: TJ's was a "poor man's autograph" for years, now one of the most valuable of the founding fathers.

Reference: 1706
Author: Jackson, Donald
Title: "Jefferson, Meriwether Lewis, and the Reduction of the United States Army."
Publication: Proceedings of the APS
Volume: 124
Date: (1980)
Extent: 91-96

Notes: Lewis advised TJ on which officers to retain and which to dismiss when the Army was reduced in size in 1801.

Reference: 1794
Author: McCoy, Drew R.
Title: The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America
Publisher: Univ. of North Carolina Press
Place of Publication: Chapel Hill
Date: (1980)
Extent: pp. ix, 268

Notes: On Jeffersonians rather than TJ, but he is frequently touched on, and this offers useful insights into his economic ideas and policies.

Reference: 1888
Author: Phau, Donald
Title: "The Treachery of Thomas Jefferson."
Publication: The Campaigner
Volume: 13
Date: (1980)
Extent: 4-32

Notes: Contends TJ fought unceasingly to undermine the federal republic, but he could not destroy America's Platonic tradition, "being revived today in the 1980 presidential campaign of Lyndon H. LaRouche."

Reference: 2199
Author: Curti, Merle
Title: "The American Enlightenment"
Publication: Human Nature in American Thought
Publisher: Univ. of Wisconsin Press
Place of Publication: Madison
Date: (1980)
Extent: 70-104

Notes: Discusses TJ, pp. 80-88, stressing his thought on the role of environment in shaping men's thinking; mostly a generalizing sketch.

Reference: 2274
Author: Hellenbrand, Harold Leonard
Title: "The Unfinished Revolution: Education and Community in the Thought of Thomas Jefferson."
Publication: Ph.D. dissertation
Publisher: Stanford Univ
Date: (1980)
Extent: pp. xi, 612

Notes: Examines the interplay between TJ's educational and political ideas; contends that in the early 1800~s he was "cornered by his own philosophy and temperament into playing the political and pedagogical tyrant." DAI 41/08A, p. 3636.

Reference: 2289
Author: Huntley, William B.
Title: "Jefferson's Public and Private Religion."
Publication: South Atlantic Quarterly
Volume: 79
Date: (1980)
Extent: 286-301

Notes: Contends that TJ's religion had two foci, one expressed in public documents as a form of American civil religion, the other in private correspondence where he created a more tentative communal language of faith. Suggestive.

Reference: 2294
Author: Jaffa, Harry V.
Title: "Another Look at the Declaration."
Publication: National Review
Volume: 32
Date: (1980)
Extent: 836-40

Notes: On what TJ meant by man's equality; argues that it is a necessary basis for authority grounded on consent of the governed.

Reference: 2349
Author: McCoy, Drew R.
Title: "Jefferson and Madison on Malthus: Population Growth in Jeffersonian Political Economy."
Publication: VMHB
Volume: 88
Place of Publication: noen
Date: (1980)
Extent: 259-76

Notes: TJ praised Malthus's Essay on the Principle of Population because of its attack on the mercantile system and its restatement of proagrarian, laissez faire ideas, but he felt the population theory was not applicable to the U. S. and that Malthus had failed to consider emigration as a remedy.

Reference: 2380
Author: Nagley, Winfield E.
Title: "The Materialism of Jefferson"
Publication: Two Centuries of Philosophy in America, ed. Peter Caws
Publisher: Rowman Littlefield
Place of Publication: Totowa, N.J.
Date: (1980)
Extent: 52-60

Notes: no note

Reference: 2656
Author: Carlton, Jan
Title: "Mr. Jefferson's Table."
Publication: Commonwealth, The Magazine of Virginia
Volume: 47
Date: (1980)
Extent: 49-52

Notes: Cooking, includes recipes.

Reference: 2696
Author: Cohen, I. Bernard, ed.
Title: Thomas Jefferson and The Sciences
Publisher: Arno Press
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1980)
Extent: Separately paginated

Notes: Volume in Three Centuries of Science in America Series reprints 29 articles or pamphlets, each noted separately here.

Reference: 2789
Author: Ferguson, Henry N.
Title: "The Man Who Saved Monticello."
Publication: American History Illustrated
Volume: 14
Date: (1980)
Extent: 20-27

Notes: On TJ, Monticello, and Uriah Phillips Levy's acquisition and renovation of it.

Reference: 2790
Author: Ferguson, Robert A.
Title: "'Mysterious Obligation': Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia."
Publication: American Literature
Volume: 52
Date: (1980)
Extent: 381-406

Notes: Argues that TJ's Notes is an attempt to control the chaos he felt to be around him in the early 1780's, and to understand its coherent structure we must recognize the way in which it "turns upon English common law and the great, humanistic legal compendia of the Enlightenment." Suggestive.

Reference: 2829
Author: Goff, Frederick R.
Title: "T.I.: Mr. Jefferson's Books in Washington, D.C."
Publication: Records of the Columbia Historical Society of Washington, D.C. The Fiftieth Volume, ed. Francis Coleman Rosenberger
Publication: The Society
Place of Publication: Washington
Date: (1980)
Extent: 81-94

Notes: Describes TJ's activities as book collector; "T. I." refers to his well-known method of marking his books.

Reference: 2863
Author: Hawke, David Freeman
Title: Those Tremendous Mountains: The Story of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
Publisher: Norton
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1980)
Extent: pp. xvi, 273

Notes: Popular history; pp. 3-22 deal with TJ's initiation of and instructions to the expedition. Nothing new.

Reference: 2900
Author: Hubbard, William
Title: "Looking at an Architecture of Convention"
Publication: Complicity and Conviction: Steps toward an Architecture of Convention
Publisher: MIT Press
Place of Publication: Cambridge
Date: (1980)
Extent: 159-201

Notes: Interesting comparison of TJ's design for the Lawn at the Univ. of Virginia and the design for Kresge College at the Univ. of California at Santa Cruz. Claims the Lawn presents itself to us as a picture of what we could be.

Reference: 3093
Author: Miller, Sue Freeman
Title: "The Grove at Monticello."
Publication: Americana
Volume: 8
Date: (1980)
Extent: 46-51

Notes: On restoration of the grove to TJ's original intentions.

Reference: 3094
Author: Miller, Sue Freeman
Title: "Mr. Jefferson's Passion: His Grove at Monticello."
Publication: Historic Preservation
Volume: 32
Date: (1980)
Extent: 32-35

Notes: Illustrated account of the grove and its restoration.

Reference: 3143
Author: Ogburn, Floyd, Jr.
Title: "Structure and Meaning in Thomas Jefferson's Notes on Virginia."
Publication: Early American Literature
Volume: 15
Date: (1980)
Extent: 141-50

Notes: Using concepts of linguistic analysis such as foregrounding and collocation, attempts to get at the "deep structure" of TJ's "pastoral." But since these passages are supposedly the two sublime passages about the Potomac and the Natural Bridge, the conclusion that TJ understood nature as order and proportion seems incomplete.

Reference: 3372
Author: Vaughan, G. B.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson, the Community College, and the Pursuit of Education."
Publication: Community College Frontiers
Volume: 8
Date: (1980)
Extent: 4-10

Notes: no note

Reference: 492
Author: Gorman, Ann C.
Title: "Poplar Forest, Thomas Jefferson's Other Home."
Publication: Lynchburg, The Magazine of Central Virginia
Volume: 12
Date: (1980-81)
Extent: 16-20

Notes: Describes Poplar Forest as TJ built it and as it is now.

Reference: 1
Author: Bedini, Silvio A.
Title: Thomas Jefferson and Science. Exhibition Catalogue.
Publisher: National Museum of American History.
Place of Publication: Washington:
Date: (1981)
Extent: 16.

Notes: Listed as # 2574 in TJCAB . Surveys the range of TJ's scientific interests; see the author's 1990 scientific biography of TJ, listed below, for his fullest statement on this subject.

Reference: 2
Author: Bedini, Silvio A.
Title: Declaration of Independence Desk: Relic of Revolution.
Publisher: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Place of Publication: Washington:
Date: (1981)
Extent: vii, 112.

Notes: Listed as # 111 in TJCAB. Pursues the history of TJ's lap desk and in the course of the discussion covers the occasion of the writing of the Declaration, the house in Philadelphia where he wrote it, the subsequent history of the desk up to its donation to the nation, and the manufacture and dispersal of several facsimile desks (which have sometimes been mistaken for the original). Illustrations of the desk, the Graff house in which TJ wrote the decoration, and of ancillary correspondence add to the value of this delightfully antiquarian study.

Reference: 3
Author: Cunningham, Noble E., Jr.
Title: The Image of Thomas Jefferson in the Public Eye: Portraits for the People, 1800-1809.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia,
Place of Publication: Charlottesville:
Date: (1981)
Extent: xvii, 185.

Notes: Listed as # 2724 in TJCAB . Records and analyzes likenesses of TJ made for public consumption during his presidency. The many popular likenesses which were widely distributed reflect interest in TJ and in the office of the presidency, and they also display the state of the arts in the early republic. Covers engravings, pictures on ceramics, cloth, etc. , caricatures. Informative.

Reference: 4
Author: Dabney, Virginius
Title: The Jefferson Scandals: A Rebuttal.
Publisher: Dodd, Mead
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1981)
Extent: x, 154.

Notes: Listed as # 328 in TJCAB . The most extensive of the various replies to the resurrection of the Callender scandals by Fawn Brodie and others. It undercuts its own case, however, by its extreme defensiveness and exaggerated tone and by treating a fiction such as Barbara Chase-Riboud's novel as a serious threat to TJ's historical reputation. More effective replies have been made by scholars such as Douglas Adair and others to those giving credence to a TJ-Sally Hemings affair.

Reference: 5
Author: Dabney, Virginius
Title: Mr. Jefferson's University: A History.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia,
Place of Publication: Charlottesville:
Date: (1981)
Extent: xvii, 643.

Notes: The Jeffersonian founding sketchily covered in the first eight pages, the rest of the volume a more or less anecdotal history of the later University with little attention to the issue of the success or failure of TJ's original vision. Disappointing. See the 1983 essay by John S. Whitehead listed below.

Reference: 6
Author: Hines, Mary Elizabeth
Title: "Dissent in the Political Philosophy of Thomas Jefferson." Ph.D. dissertation. Catholic University of America
Publication: DAI
Volume: 42
Date: (1981)
Date: (1981)
Extent: 735A.

Notes: Claims TJ advocated dissent for specific reasons and under carefully defined conditions in the pursuit of carefully defined goals. Dissent for him was less an isolated act than an attitude, a process which could correct a wayward, insensitive government on the one hand and encourage a society of free, politically articulate and self-governing men. Argues that TJ presents a seminal theory of truly democratic dissent, a new philosophical and political blending of theory with the pragmatic requirements of egalitarian government.

Reference: 7
Author: Jackson, Donald
Title: Thomas Jefferson & the Stony Mountains: Exploring the West from Monticello.
Publisher: University of Illinois Press,
Place of Publication: Urbana:
Date: (1981)
Extent: xii, 339.

Notes: Discusses Jefferson's long-standing interest in the West, particularly the trans-Mississippi West, the recorded knowledge available to him, his support of exploring parties, and his plans for settlement and development. Chapters on Lewis and Clark, Zebulon Pike, and the Red River explorations of William Dunbar and Thomas Freeman. Examines dealings with the Sac and Fox Indians as a case study representative of TJ's Indian policy as a whole and his determination that the Louisiana Purchase would be used for resettlement of tribes east of the Mississippi. Contends that for all presidents from TJ through Jackson the results of Indian policy were the same although details and degree of compassion differed; the government caved in first to pressure from settlers and land speculators, then the Indians. Concludes that in western matters as in many others TJ was not so much an innovator as a reactor, "at his finest when responding brilliantly to unexpected events, Mackenzie's startling voyage across Canada, or Napoleon's thunderbolt offer to sell Louisiana." Listed as # 2916 in TJCAB

Reference: 8
Author: Jefferson, Thomas
Title: Reports of Cases Determined in the General Court of Virginia. From 1730, to 1740; and from 1768, to 1772.
Publisher: William S. Hein,
Place of Publication: Buffalo:
Date: (1981)
Extent: [3], viii, 145.

Notes: Brief introduction by John M. Lindsey notes the significance of this book, originally published in 1829, focusing particularly on TJ's appendix on "Whether Christianity is a part of the Common Law?"

Reference: 9
Author: Larson, Martin A.
Title: Jefferson, Magnificent Populist.
Publisher: Robert B. Luce,
Place of Publication: Washington, D.C.:
Date: (1981)
Extent: xxiv, 390.

Notes: Selection of "Gems from Jefferson," topically arranged. Introduction and brief commentary. A useful volume for speechwriters in search of sound bites.

Reference: 10
Author: Malone, Dumas
Title: Jefferson and His Times: The Sage of Monticello.
Publisher: Little Brown,
Place of Publication: Boston:
Date: (1981)
Extent: xxiii, 551.

Notes: The final volume of Malone's definitive, six volume biography of TJ. Covers the years from 1809 and TJ's retirement from the presidency through his death in 1826. Notable for its treatment of the private life of TJ in retirement, the matter of the Batture Controversy which dragged on after he left the White House, the sale of his library to the nation, and his labors to establish the University of Virginia, his responses to the Missouri Compromise and the new set of political questions that emerged after the War of 1812, and his troubled financial situation of his last years. Marked by Malone's usual high standards of scholarship, and by a balance and judgment that had seemed threatened at times by defensiveness in some of the earlier volumes. Listed as # 763 in TJCAB

Reference: 11
Author: Malone, Dumas, with Anne Freudenberg
Title: Malone and Jefferson: The Biographer and the Sage.
Publisher: University of Virginia Library,
Place of Publication: Charlottesville:
Date: (1981)
Extent: 28.

Notes: An interview between Malone and Freudenberg conducted shortly after Malone had published the final volume of his Jefferson and His Time . Discusses the beginnings of Malone's interest in TJ, his biographical methods and principles, and his assessment of TJ's character.

Reference: 12
Author: Matthews, Richard Kevin
Title: "The Political Philosophy of Thomas Jefferson: An Alternative Interpretation." Ph.D. dissertation. University of Toronto
Publication: DAI
Volume: 42
Date: (1981)
Date: (1981)
Extent: 4570-A.

Notes: Contends that, partly in response to his awareness of the economic and political inequality of Europe, TJ argues for the right of every individual not to be denied access to the means of labor. Because he conceives of man as dynamic, evolving being who is naturally both social and moral, he consciously attempts to construct a political system, eg. his ward republics, that will allow for maximum citizen participation. TJ is qualitatively different from Madison and presents the outlines for a democratic-socialistic alternative to the present market ideology. Published in revised version as The Radical Politics of Thomas Jefferson (1984), for which see below.

Reference: 13
Author: Mayo, Bernard
Title: Thomas Jefferson and His Unknown Brother.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia,
Place of Publication: Charlottesville:
Date: (1981)
Extent: viii, 59.

Notes: Expanded edition of earlier title (see # 810 in TJCAB ) containing letters exchanged between TJ and his brother Randolph and description of their relationship by Mayo; useful additions by James A. Bear, Jr.

Reference: 14
Author: Peterson, Merrill D.
Title: Thomas Jefferson and the Beginnings of American Citizenship
Publisher: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation,
Place of Publication: Charlottesville:
Date: (1981)
Extent: 13.

Notes: Independence Day Address, July 4, 1981. Celebrating "the miracle of American citizenship" at the traditional naturalization ceremonies held at Monticello. Argues that for TJ the right of all persons to choose their own citizenship was an essential meaning of the American Revolution. Links this belief to his allegiance to principles of "constituent sovereignty." Notes his inclusion of the right of expatriation in his proposed laws for Virginia and also his mistake in excluding some from possible citizenship because of race.

Reference: 15
Author: Rushing, Dorothy Marie
Title: "Attitudes and Actions of the First Six Presidents of the United States Concerning Higher Education." Ph.D. dissertation. University of North Texas,
Publication: DAI ; 4740-A.
Volume: 42
Date: (1981)
Extent: pp. 337.

Notes: Finds TJ and the other presidents shared many beliefs while disagreeing on some aspects of higher education. Concludes that higher education today serves the purpose of educating a democratic citizenry which these men envisioned, although the educational problems they faced still persist to some extent. Standard facts and no ground-breaking opinions.

Reference: 16
Author: Tucker, David
Title: "Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia. " Ph.D dissertation. Claremont Graduate School,
Publication: DAI ; 1287-A.
Volume: 42
Date: (1981)
Date: (1981)
Extent: pp. 335.

Notes: Focuses on the structure of the book, arguing that it reveals the political motives behind the composition. TJ considered the political implications of nature and human nature in their universal aspect and their particular American manifestations. His vision of an enlightened republic was paradoxically related to an understanding of the Enlightenment as presented by Locke and to an understanding of republicanism as presented by Montesquieu.

Reference: 17
Author: Vaughan, Joseph Lee and Omer Allen Gianniny, Jr.
Title: Thomas Jefferson's Rotunda Restored 1973-1976.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville, VA
Date: (1981)
Extent: xxi, 170.

Notes: Introduction by Frederick D. Nichols; on TJ's original concept, Stanford White's reconstruction, and the modern restoration. Generously illustrated. Previously cited University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville TJCAB , # 3373.

Reference: 18
Author: Yates, Bernice-Marie
Title: Thomas Jefferson at Home: Monticello, Style and Structure.
Publisher: The author,
Place of Publication: [n.p.]:
Date: (1981)
Extent: 36, [1].

Notes: Describes the building of Monticello, influenced architecturally by "Andrew Palladio," Roman antiquities, and French domestic architecture. Nothing new.

Reference: 19
Author: Appleby, Joyce O.
Title: "The Changing Prospect of the Family Farm in the Early National Period."
Publication: Working Papers for the Regional Economic History Research Center
Volume: 4
Date: (no. 3, 1981)
Extent: 1-25.

Notes: Discusses the growth of American agriculture in the early national period and situates TJ's espousal of natural rights and limited government in the context of the favorable prospects during this period for family farms, at least in this country rather than in Great Britain. Commentary by Diane E. Lindstrom on 61-69.

Reference: 20
Author: Boller, Paul
Title: "Thomas Jefferson--1801-1809"
Publication: Presidential Anecdotes
Publisher: Oxford University Press,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1981)
Extent: 34-44.

Notes: Brief discussion of the impact of anecdotes on TJ's public reputation, followed by several anecdotes illustrating various of his attributed virtues.

Reference: 21
Author: Cheatham, Edgar and Patricia
Title: "Mr. Jefferson's Virginia."
Publication: Travel/Holiday
Volume: 156
Date: (July, 1981)
Extent: 28-33.

Notes: Advice for tourists to Williamsburg, Richmond, and Charlottesville who wish to pursue Jeffersonian associations as they sightsee and dine.

Reference: 22
Author: Childress, Mark
Title: "The Idea that Jefferson Built."
Publication: Southern Living
Volume: 16
Date: (September, 1981)
Extent: 36-39.

Notes: Illustrated account of TJ's plan for the University of Virginia.

Reference: 23
Author: Crackel, Theodore J.
Title: "The Founding of West Point: Jefferson and the Politics of Security."
Publication: Armed Forces and Society
Volume: 7
Date: (1981)
Extent: 529-43.

Notes: Argues that TJ's founding of West Point needs to be understood in the context of his efforts to create and safeguard a new, republican regime. TJ hoped to use the Academy to break up the upperclass monopoly of education.

Reference: 24
Author: Cunliffe, Marcus
Title: "`The Earth Belongs to the Living': Thomas Jefferson and the Limits of Inheritance"
Publication: Forms and Functions of History in American Literature: Essays in Honor of Ursula Brumm, ed. Winfried Fluck, Jurgen Peper, and Willi Paul Adams.
Publisher: Erich Schmidt Verlag,
Place of Publication: Berlin:
Date: (1981)
Extent: 56-70.

Notes: Interesting, if a bit meandering, discussion of TJ's seeming indifference to the past. Points out difficulties with his formulation of a principle of historical discontinuity, difficulties Madison promptly showed him in 1789, and in fact, TJ had a serious interest in the literary, architectural, biological and historical past. His interest was selective, however, sometimes showing "the instincts of an antiquary for whom the past was a rich miscellany of marvels and mysteries." But if he maintained a conservative view of the Revolution as rescuing ancient rights from the Norman yoke, he insisted that the best moments of the history of man were yet in the future.

Reference: 25
Author: Cunningham, Noble E., Jr.
Title: "Presidential Leadership, Political Parties, and the Congressional Caucus, 1800-1824"
Publication: The American Constitutional System under Strong and Weak Parties, ed. Patricia Bonomi, James Macgregor Burns, and Austin Ranney
Publisher: Praeger Publishers,
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1981)
Extent: 1-20.

Notes: Summarizes TJ's relations with Congress (see the author's Process of Government Under Jefferson TJCAB #1524, for a full account) and points out that he was less restrained by Congress than were his successors, Madison and Monroe, because he owed little if anything to the party caucus. Claims that a strong Republican party was a key factor in the success of TJ's leadership, and his role as head of the party give him leverage Washington and Adams lacked. Madison did not have TJ's skill as a party leader, and Monroe distrusted parties; in their administrations the Republican party declined as a force.

Reference: 26
Author: Davis, Robert R., Jr.
Title: "Pell-Mell: Jefferson's Etiquette and Protocol."
Publication: Historian
Volume: 43
Date: (1981)
Extent: 509-29.

Notes: TJ's republicanizing of diplomatic etiquette was modified after 1804 when he realized that he might have pushed Anthony Merry and the Marquis Yrujo to the brink of conspiracy with Burr.

Reference: 27
Author: Derr, Thomas S.
Title: "The First Amendment as a Guide to Church-State Relations: Theological Illusions, Cultural Fantasies, and Legal Practicalities"
Publication: Church, State, and Politics, ed. Jaye B. Hensel.
Publisher: Roscoe Pound-American Trial Lawyers Foundation,
Place of Publication: Washington, D.C.:
Date: (1981)
Extent: 75-91.

Notes: Contends that "Jefferson's theoretical substructure for his own conception of the separation of church and state was a foundation of sand." TJ's deism was marked by a belief in the natural goodness of rational man which ignores the frequency of human selfishness. This individualist optimism encourages the belief that individual moralism was enough to guarantee social health, but the churches traditionally had argued that religion had to create a transformed society through corporate action. His belief in the core of religion as morality alone falsely assumes that all churches will understand moral issues in the same light, whereas they have often criticized each other and the state on the basis of what they take to be the the essential moral code. Finally, his belief in the automatic social utility of religion subverts the churches' understanding of themselves as prophetic voices by co-opting them to the view of the state. By fostering a civil religion, the state dangerously exaggerates its own importance. The present time calls for the legal practice of the First Amendment without its original deist philosophy. A challenging essay that does, however, assume the value of prophetic religion and dismiss TJ's anti-clericalism without sufficient consideration.

Reference: 28
Author: Dewey, Frank L.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and a Williamsburg Scandal."
Publication: VMHB
Volume: 89
Date: (1981)
Extent: 44-63.

Notes: Examines TJ's legal services on behalf of Dr. James Blair of Williamsburg who was threatened with a suit by his wife for separate maintenance. TJ drew up notes on the possibility of obtaining a bill of divorce from the General Assembly. Describes the scandal arising from the Blairs' charges and counter charges; he was impotent, she had committed adultery with the governor, etc.

Reference: 29
Author: Doerr, Edd
Title: "Billings v. Jefferson."
Publication: Humanist
Volume: 41
Date: (July/August, 1981)
Extent: 51-52.

Notes: Criticizes speech made at University of Virginia by Robert Billings calling for tax support for religious schools. Imagines TJ returning to life in order to rebuke Billings for lowering the wall of separation.

Reference: 30
Author: Hardesty. Kathleen
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the Thought of the Encyclopedie ."
Publication: Laurels.
Volume: 52
Date: (Spring 1981)
Extent: 19-31.

Notes: Claims that the explanation for shared ideas with French thinkers lies in shared sources, the ancients, Newton, Bolingbroke, etc. Both TJ and the Encyclopedists supported a "provisional scepticism," a belief in the order of nature, and a belief in progress. Their philosophical considerations were based on a notion of man as naturally virtuous and thus able to govern himself, rightfully and by right.

Reference: 31
Author: Harnsberger, Douglas
Title: "`In Delorme's Manner.'"
Publication: APT Bulletin
Volume: 13
Date: (November 1981)
Extent: 2-8.

Notes: A 1981 x-ray probe of the Monticello dome has revealed that it was constructed after the method of Philibert Delorme, a sixteenth-century French architect, a method also used in the Halle des Bleds in Paris. This technique involved laminating short sections of wood to make continuous structural ribs for vaults and domes. TJ substituted wrought iron nails, probably of his own manufacture, for Delorme's pegs and tenons.

Reference: 32
Author: Hoeveler, J. David, Jr.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the American `Provincial' Mind."
Publication: Modern Age
Volume: 25
Date: (1981)
Extent: 271-80.

Notes: Claims that TJ may have valued Scottish Enlightenment philosophers such as Francis Hutcheson and Thomas Reid for their defense of provincial culture and values in the face of a conflicting cosmopolitan culture. Describes provincial culture as marked by an emphasis on republican, moral, and sentimental bonds between people and an attachment to the local scene. TJ's differences with Hamilton can thus be understood in terms of his fear of the replacement of provincial bonds of closeness with "the impersonal cash-nexus of the modern banking and commercial systems." Does not overlook TJ's considerable attraction to cosmopolitan culture, but argues that he is at the same time the best example of the sensitive provincial.

Reference: 33
Author: Israel, John and Steven H.
Title: "Discovering Jefferson in the People's Republic of China."
Publication: Virginia Quarterly Review
Volume: 57
Date: (1981)
Extent: 401-19.

Notes: Three short essays on Chinese visitors to the University of Virginia since 1976, on the life and work of Liu Zuochang, "China's sole Jefferson expert," and on a comparison of TJ and Chairman Mao. Hochman's discussion of Liu (see below) faults certain omissions such as TJ's concern for a bill of rights and his being to some extent captive of some Marxist cliches, but he finds the essay impressive overall for its perceptiveness about TJ, its grasp of scholarship, and its fresh point of view. Israel points out the affinities and relevance of TJ for Chinese critics of the regime who must be able to perceive what can not be expressly articulated about him in accounts originating in the communist context.

Reference: 34
Author: Jaffa, Harry V.
Title: "Inventing the Past: Garry Wills's Inventing America and the Pathology of Ideological Scholarship."
Publication: St. Johns Review
Volume: 33
Date: (Autumn, 1981)
Extent: 3-19.

Notes: Somewhat convoluted and occasionally cantankerous critique of Wills's attempt to distance TJ from Locke. Argues for regarding the Declaration as the originating document of the U. S. with the force of law, and tellingly refutes Wills's claim that TJ had Hutcheson rather than Locke in mind for key passages of the Declaration. Reprinted in American Conservatism and the American Founding . Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 1984. 76-109.

Reference: 35
Author: Jordan, Winthrop D.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson: Self and Society"
Publication: Our Selves/Our Past, ed. Robert J. Brugger.
Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press,
Place of Publication: Baltimore:
Date: (1981)
Extent: 118-40.

Notes: Excerpt without additional comment from Jordan's White over Black , listed in TJCAB .

Reference: 36
Author: Kalckhoff, Andreas
Title: "Jefferson lebt fort!" 1774-1779: Fünf Jahre die dem späteren Präsidenten der USA zur Berühmtheit verhaffen."
Publication: Zeitschrift für geschichtliches Wissen
Volume: 13
Place of Publication: Damals
Date: (1981)
Extent: 403-20.

Notes: Biographical sketch, focusing on years around the Declaration. Conventional admiration.

Reference: 37
Author: Kammen, Michael
Title: "Echoes and Reverberations: Reflections on the Language of Politics and Patterns of Political Literature in Revolutionary and Republican America"
Publication: Literature and Society: The Lawrence Henry Gipson Symposium, ed. Jan Fergus.
Publisher: Lawrence Henry Gipson Institute,
Place of Publication: Bethlehem, PA:
Date: (1981)
Extent: 15-32.

Notes: Examines the "climate of opinion" surrounding a number of well-known quotations (and one or two not so well-known ones) from TJ's writing in order to show that literary skill can have an effect on public affairs, that it is not limited to texts self-consciously defined as "literary," and that it is often a matter of timing more than of skill. Suggests that the dominant metaphors of TJ and his contemporaries often refer, not unsurprisingly, to agriculture and nature whereas those of the following century were shaped, first, by the concerns of evangelical Protestantism and, later, by the images of machinery and energy. TJ's appeal to "the harmonizing sentiments of the age" can help us to understand "national tradition."

Reference: 38
Author: Klingelhofer, Herbert E.
Title: "`Abolish the Navy.'"
Publication: Manuscripts
Volume: 33
Date: (1981)
Extent: 277-84.

Notes: On the context of TJ's letter of September 17, 1802 to Robert Smith on the sailing of the John Adams to the Mediterranean as part of the force against the Barbary pirates. He held up its departure briefly in order to evaluate the latest news from the region.

Reference: 39
Author: Leighton, Ann
Title: "Thomas Jefferson as a Gardener: The Third President of the United States."
Publication: Country Life (Great Britain).
Volume: 170
Date: (1981)
Extent: 1556-58.

Notes: Sketch of TJ's interests in gardening, botany, and landscape architecture.

Reference: 40
Author: Lewis, Monte Ross
Title: "Chickasaw Removal: Betrayal of the Beloved Warriors, 1794-1844." Ph.D. dissertation. University of North Texas,
Publication: DAI; 4906-A.
Volume: 42
Date: (1981)
Extent: pp.298.

Notes: Chapter two covers TJ's policies toward the Chickasaw nation while he was president. Eventual removal of the Chickasaw to Indian Territory was made possible by TJ's reversal of Washington's policy of guaranteeing the integrity of their homeland.

Reference: 41
Author: Liu Cho-chang
Title: "The Democratic Thought of Thomas Jefferson."
Publication: Chinese Studies in History.
Volume: 14
Date: (no. 3, 1981)
Extent: 3-37.

Notes: Introduction by John Israel (see above). Survey of positive and negative aspects of TJ's thought by China's foremost Jefferson scholar. Translated from first appearance in http//www. ne. jp/asahi/nagano/amori/1219b.htm

Publication: Li-shih yen-chiu
Volume: 4
Date: (August 15, 1980)
Extent: 149-64.

Notes: Sees TJ as a founder of the "democratic tradition of America's bourgeoisie," but values him for his theories of natural rights, his articulation of the people's right to revolution, and his praise for the people's "spirit of resistance." Criticizes his agrarian desires to avoid the contradictions of capitalism as a "fantastic, backward-looking illusion."

Reference: 42
Author: Meier, H. A.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and a Democratic Technology"
Publication: Technology in America: A History of Individuals and Ideas, ed. Carroll W. Pursell, Jr.
Publisher: MIT Press,
Place of Publication: Cambridge:
Date: (1981)
Extent: 17-33.

Notes: Good brief survey of TJ's interests in technology, emphasizing his desire to encourage practical applications of science, especially to "domestic objects." Discusses his opinions on patents and his management of the patent system. Only 67 patents were granted while he oversaw the system, partly because of his suspicion of monopoly and his high standards for a patentable innovation.

Reference: 43
Author: Meschutt, David
Title: "Gilbert Stuart's Portraits of Jefferson."
Publication: American Art Journal
Volume: 13
Date: (Winter 1981)
Extent: 2-16.

Notes: Gilbert Stuart painted TJ from life in Philadelphia in 1800 and twice in Washington in 1805. His "devious and sometimes fraudulent business practices" have clouded the history of the portraits. Stuart never delivered the 1800 painting to TJ, and what happened to it is unknown. He used the second portrait to make the half length portrait commissioned by James Bowdoin and then apparently sold the original to Madison. Argues that stylistic evidence supports the conclusion that the portrait TJ was finally able to pry loose from Stuart, the so-called Edgehill portrait, was not the original but a copy made about 1821. The version of this painting found by Orland Campbell seems not to be by Stuart at all; see TJCAB #2652 for Campbell's argument which is here rejected. The third portrait was the so-called "Medallion Profile" done in crayon and gouache; this was delivered to TJ shortly after it was completed in 1805. Previously listed as #3090 in TJCAB

Reference: 44
Author: Morse, Genevieve Forbes
Title: "Captain Jack Jouett."
Publication: Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine
Volume: 115
Date: (1981)
Extent: 700-703.

Notes: The usual retelling of the ride to warn TJ about the British raid of 1781.

Reference: 45
Author: Pole, J.
Title: "Enlightenment and the Politics of American Nature"
Publication: The Enlightenment in National Context, ed. Roy Porter and Mikulas Teich.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press,
Place of Publication: Cambridge UK:
Date: (1981)
Extent: 192-214.

Notes: Overview of the Enlightened America organized around the figure of TJ, who "stands as the most complete and fully representative American of the Enlightenment" and also "epitomises the distinctively political aspects ... of the Enlightenment in America." Discusses political theory, scientific activity, education, slavery, and moral theory. Relies largely on recent studies by May, Commager, Wills, and White. Offers a tentative apology for TJ's opinions of blacks but claims Garry Wills has overstated a similar position. Suggests that Morton White's discussion of self-evident truths should be extended; argues that after 1776 TJ sought to widen the traditional narrow basis for the availability of self-evident truths by means of encouraging education. "To democratize epistemology is a decisive step towards democratizing society."

Reference: 46
Author: Redenius, Charles
Title: "The Struggle for Equality to 1789"
Publication: The American Ideal of Equality from Jefferson's Declaration to the Burger Court
Publisher: Kennikat Press,
Place of Publication: Port Washington, NY:
Date: (1981)
Extent: 8-24.

Notes: Describes TJ as the great articulator of the ideal of equality which has exerted a continuing power on later generations, beyond his own understanding of the ideal in some cases. Claims that because he was abroad in 1787, of the "triad of ideas" that have dominated American political thought only property and liberty gained a full hearing. Hamilton succeeded in linking liberty to property at the expense of TJ's connection of equality and liberty. "Whereas Jefferson had struck `property' from Locke's phrase, Hamilton not only restored it, he also elevated it to a position of preeminence." Hardly a new point and made by simplifying both TJ and Hamilton.

Reference: 48
Author: Ritcheson, Charles R.
Title: "The Fragile Memory: What Really Happened When Thomas Jefferson Met George III."
Publication: American Heritage.
Volume: 33
Date: (December, 1981)
Extent: 72-77.

Notes: Essentially the same as the previous item, without scholarly apparatus.

Reference: 49
Author: Rodrigues, Leda Boechat
Title: "Jose Joaquim da Maia e Thomas Jefferson."
Publication: Revista do Instituto Historico e Geographico Brasiliero
Volume: 333
Date: (1981)
Extent: 53-70.

Notes: Describes interaction between TJ and da Maia, a Brazilian medical student at the University of Montpellier and would-be revolutionary who used the pseudonym "Vendek." TJ was particularly interested in da Maia's information about Brazilian social and natural history, and he expressed polite moral support for a Brazilian revolution even as he pointed out that the U. S. wished to have friendly relations with Portugal.

Reference: 50
Author: Royster, Charles
Title: "A Battle of Memoirs: Light-Horse Harry Lee and Thomas Jefferson."
Publication: Virginia Cavalcade.
Volume: 31
Date: (1981)
Extent: 112-27.

Notes: Motivated partly by injured self-esteem, partly by Federalist political principles, Lee's Memoirs of the War (1812) attacked TJ's government of Virginia. This memoir, as well as Marshall's Life of Washington , prompted his concern over the possibilities of a dominant "tory" history of the revolution. To answer Lee, TJ encouraged William Johnson, biographer of Nathanael Greene, and Louis Girardin, completer of John Daly Burk's History of Virginia ; he complimented Johnson for refuting "Lee's military fable." Claims that TJ upheld his reputation as governor in part to safeguard the republicanism of the Revolution against the demands of Federalists such as Lee and Marshall for strong government and leaders with coercive authority. While modern scholars have vindicated TJ as a diligent governor and administrator, TJ and his contemporaries focused on the institution of the governorship but on questions of personal conduct and moral character. Thus, above all he had to face the questions raised by his flight from Tarleton`s raiding party and had to clarify the difference between personal courage and military competence.

Reference: 51
Author: Sanoff, Alvin
Title: "Washington, Jefferson, Adams: Out of Their Depth Today?"
Publication: U.S. News & World Report
Volume: 91
Date: (July 6, 1981)
Extent: 44-45.

Notes: A conversation with Dumas Malone, who suggests that TJ and John Adams would feel ill at ease in contemporary America because of its size, complexity, and commercialization.

Reference: 52
Author: Severens, Kenneth
Title: "Washington and Jefferson: Architects of the American Republic"
Publication: Southern Architecture: 350 Years of Distinctive American Buildings
Publisher: E. P. Dutton,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1981)
Extent: 80-96.

Notes: Discusses Monticello early and late, the Virginia Capitol, and the planning of Washington, D. C. Makes the usual points.

Reference: 53
Author: Spivak, Burton
Title: "Republican Dreams and National Interest: The Jeffersonians and American Foreign Policy."
Publisher: Society for the History of American Foreign Relations Newsletter
Volume: 12
Date: (no. 2, 1981)
Extent: 1-21.

Notes: Emphasizes TJ's Anglophobia and his rejection of politics based on commercial enterprise. The Jeffersonians' foreign policy failed in part because of their refusal to recognize the legitimacy of some British demands and their insistence that American self-interest was incompatible with a republican community.

Reference: 54
Author: Stiebing, William H., Jr.
Title: "Who First Excavated Stratigraphically?"
Publication: Biblical Archaeology Review
Volume: 7
Date: (January/ February 1981)
Extent: 52-53.

Notes: Briefly discusses method and significance of TJ's excavation of an Indian mound. #3309 in TJCAB .

Reference: 55
Author: Szasz, Paul
Title: "Thomas Jefferson Conceives an International Organization."
Publication: American Journal of International Law
Volume: 75
Date: (1981)
Extent: 138-40.

Notes: Comment on TJ's 1786 plan for concerted action by the US and European powers against the Barbary Pirates.

Reference: 56
Author: Taylor, John M.
Title: "Adams and Jefferson in the Middle East."
Publication: Manuscripts
Volume: 33
Date: (1981)
Extent: 237-40.

Notes: Notes that both TJ and Adams negotiated with agents of the Barbary states in the fall of 1785 and claims both came to favor naval construction and a hard line policy. Discusses letter of instructions to John Lamb, who was being sent to negotiate with the Algerians; letter was countersigned in London by both Adams and TJ (on October 11, 1785).

Reference: 57
Author: Vial, Fernand
Title: "La culture française de Thomas Jefferson"
Publication: Mélanges Auguste Viatte
Publisher: Académie des Sciences d'Outre-Mer,
Place of Publication: Paris:
Date: (1981)
Extent: 49-57.

Notes: Describes TJ's citations in his Commonplace Book from French authors, particularly Montesquieu, and notes the large number of books by French authors in his library. Slight piece for a festschrift.

Reference: 58
Author: Wainwright, Loudon
Title: "A Lifetime with Mr. Jefferson."
Publication: Life
Volume: 4
Date: (August, 1981)
Extent: 7.

Notes: Interview with Dumas Malone, discussing his work on TJ.

Reference: 59
Author: Walker, Warren S.
Title: "Cooper's Yorkers and Yankees in the Jeffersonian Garden"
Publication: James Fenimore Cooper His Country and His Art: Papers from the 1980 Conference at State University College of New York Oneonta and Cooperstown , ed. George A. Test.
Publisher: n.p.,
Place of Publication: Oneonta:
Date: (1981)
Extent: 71-80.

Notes: By 1830 Cooper had overcome his initial Federalist reservations about TJ and came to admire him. He became an ardent advocate of Jeffersonian democracy which felt was threatened by the spread of Yankee emigrants to the West.

Reference: 60
Author: West, Susan
Title: "Jefferson as Scientist."
Publication: Science News.
Volume: 119
Date: (May 9, 1981)
Extent: 298-99.

Notes: Coinciding with a Smithsonian exhibit on the topic, offers a brief sketch of TJ's scientific interests.

Reference: 61
Author: Wilcox, R.
Title: "Monticello: An Early American Prototype for Solar Architecture"
Publication: Proceedings of the Sixth National Passive Solar Conference
Publisher: International National Solar Energy Society,
Place of Publication: Newark, DE:
Date: (1981)
Extent: 860-64.

Notes: Discusses briefly TJ's use of siting, thermal mass in Monticello's structure, shutters, and glazing as ways to manipulate solar energy in order to heat or cool his house.

Reference: 62
Author: Williams, M.
Title: "Sir William Petty, Thomas Jefferson, and the Down Survey: A Fresh Perspective on the U. S. Public Land System."
Publication: Surveying & Mapping
Volume: 41
Date: (March, 1981)
Extent: 77-81.

Notes: Suggests the importance of Petty's 1656 Down Survey of Ireland as a formative influence on TJ and the American land system. It was notable for its rational subdivision of land (although not in rectangular pieces) and for its public deed registry, features of TJ's 1784 proposal for the Northwest Territories. TJ owned both Petty's Survey of Ireland and his Political Arithmetic , which also seems to have been influential.

Reference: 63
Author: Wilson, Douglas
Title: "The American Agricola: Jefferson's Agrarianism and the Classical Tradition."
Publication: South Atlantic Quarterly
Volume: 80
Date: (1981)
Extent: 339-54.

Notes: Important discussion of the classical influences on TJ's agrarian ideal. TJ knew that he was not describing the inclinations of many of his fellow citizens, who farmed not for virtue but cash, and his comments on Notes and elsewhere on agriculture as a way of life voice a moral preference rather than a fully accurate description of American rural life. Roman writers were more important for him than Greek, especially Horace and, above all, Virgil. Rejects Leo Marx's description of the pastoral element in TJ as "a case of mistaken identity," and astutely points to the importance of Virgil's Georgics rather than the Eclogues for TJ. The georgic mode was not a literary fantasy for him but was connected to the real connections he witnessed between industriousness, virtue, and self-reliance. Previously listed as #2495 in TJCAB .

Reference: 64
Author: Wright, Esmond
Title: "The Great Little Madison: Father of the Constitution."
Publication: Proceedings of the British Academy
Volume: 67
Date: (1981)
Extent: 227-47.

Notes: Raises the question, "was he a mere imitator, as he was certainly an admirer, of Thomas Jefferson?" but does not pursue it closely enough but does defend Madison from the charge. A conventional portrait of Madison, peripheral to TJ, although cited in some indexes.

Reference: 690
Author: Royster, Charles
Title: "Mr. Jefferson" in
Publication: Light-Horse Harry Lee and the Legacy of the American Revolution
Publisher: Knopf
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1981)
Extent: 187-228??.

Notes: Fuller version of material in essay cited as #50 in TJ 1981-1990 . [Comment further]

Reference: 696
Author: Tucker, David
Title: "The Political Thought of Thomas Jefferson: Notes on the State of Virginia" in
Publication: The American Founding , ed. Ralph Rossum and Gary McDowell.
Publisher: Kennikat,
Place of Publication: Port Washington, NY:
Date: (1981)
Extent: 108-121.

Notes: Sees the Notes as divided into initial eleven queries that discuss nature and a final eleven that discuss politics. Query twelve is pivotal because of TJ's observation that while laws have sometimes decreed that towns should be in a particular place, nature has decreed otherwise. In the first half TJ surveys nature as raw material for a republic, and in the second he presents his hopes for what can be done with these materials. Contends that TJ was not satisfied with social contract theory as explanation for the origins of government, and in Notes he shows how men's passions lead them to society. Describes TJ's notion of happiness as contingent upon virtue and freedom. Interesting, but at heart a somewhat simplistic analysis. Suggestive insights make it worth reading, however.

Reference: 111
Author: Bedini, Silvio A.
Title: Declaration of Independence Desk, Relic of Revolution
Publisher: Smithsonian Institution Press
Place of Publication: Washington
Date: (1981)
Extent: pp.vii, 112

Notes: no note

Reference: 328
Author: Dabney, Virginius
Title: The Jefferson Scandals: A Rebuttal
Publisher: Dodd Mead
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1981)
Extent: pp. x, 154

Notes: Somewhat frantic refutation of Fawn Brodie, Gore Vidal, and Barbara Chase-Riboud.

Reference: 763
Author: Malone, Dumas
Title: Jefferson and His Time: The Sage of Monticello
Publisher: Little Brown
Place of Publication: Boston
Date: (1981)
Extent: pp. xxiii, 551

Notes: Covers the years from 1809 to TJ's death in 1826; reflections on what TJ accomplished in his presidency show a good critical sense, and the accounts of TJ's troubles in his last years are quite moving. A strong conclusion to a masterly biography.

Reference: 879
Author: Nichols, Ashton
Title: "A Country Place: 'Poplar Forest'."
Publication: Country Magazine
Volume: 2
Date: (1981)
Extent: 48-51

Notes: no note

Reference: 995
Author: Radcliff, Robert R.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson, Chessplayer."
Publication: Chess Life
Volume: 36
Date: (1981)
Extent: 24-28

Notes: Account of TJ's interest in chess.

Reference: 1938
Author: Royster, Charles
Title: "A Battle of Memoirs; Light-Horse Harry Lee and Thomas Jefferson."
Publication: Virginia Cavalcade
Volume: 31
Date: (1981)
Extent: 112-27

Notes: Excerpted from the authors's Light-Horse Harry Lee, New York: Knopf, 1981. Covers conflicting memories of the British invasion of Virginia.

Reference: 2495
Author: Wilson, Douglas
Title: "The American Agricola: Jefferson's Agrarianism and the Classical Tradition."
Publication: South Atlantic Quarterly
Volume: 80
Date: (1981)
Extent: 339-54

Notes: Excellent discussion of the classical foundations for TJ's agrarianism, particularly Virgil's Georgics.

Reference: 2574
Author: Bedini, Silvio A.
Title: Thomas Jefferson and Science. Exhibition Catalogue
Publication: National Museum of American History
Place of Publication: Washington
Date: (1981)
Extent: pp. (16)

Notes: Survey of TJ's scientific interests; abridged version in Colonial Homes. 7(November/December 1981), 80-83.

Reference: 2724
Author: Cunningham, Noble E., Jr.
Title: The Image of Thomas Jefferson in the Public Eye: Portraits for the People, 1800-1809
Publisher: Univ. Press of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1981)
Extent: pp. xvii, 185

Notes: Excellent illustrated study of contemporary portraits, engravings, medals, caricatures, etc.

Reference: 2916
Author: Jackson, Donald
Title: Thomas Jefferson & the Stony Mountains: Exploring the West from Monticello
Publisher: Univ. of Illinois Press
Place of Publication: Urbana
Date: (1981)
Extent: pp. xii, 339

Notes: Informative account of TJ's interest in the trans-Mississippi West and its exploration. Although TJ "continually altered his policies to overtake reality," he held to three constant beliefs: the old confederacy east of the Mississippi should remain intact; the West should be developed by Americans, "forming whatever free and independent principalities they wished," and eventually the whole North and South American continents would be peopled by free and independent allies.

Reference: 3023
Author: Leighton, Ann
Title: "Thomas Jefferson as a Gardener."
Publication: Country Life
Volume: 170
Date: (1981)
Extent: 1556-58

Notes: Uses the Garden Book as the main source of information.

Reference: 3090
Author: Meschutt, David
Title: "Gilbert Stuart's Portraits of Jefferson."
Publication: American Art Journal
Volume: 13
Date: (1981)
Extent: 2-16

Notes: The best study of this disputed subject.

Reference: 3309
Author: Stiebing, William H., Jr.
Title: "Who First Excavated Stratigraphically?"
Publication: Biblical Archaeology Review
Volume: 7
Date: (1981)
Extent: 52-53

Notes: TJ did; brief account.

Reference: 3373
Author: Vaughan, Joseph Lee and Omer Allen Gianniny, Jr.
Title: Thomas Jefferson's Rotunda Restored 1973-76
Publisher: Univ. Press of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1981)
Extent: pp.xxi, 170

Notes: Introduction by Frederick Doveton Nichols; on TJ's original concept, Stanford White's rebuilding, and the restoration. Generously illustrated.

Reference: 65
Author: Holden, Erik
Title: An American Christian Bible, Extracted by Thomas Jefferson, Together with a New Declaration of Independence for Today's Americans.
Publisher: Sovereign Press,
Place of Publication: Rochester, WA:
Date: (1982)
Extent: 128.

Notes: Author claims to be the founder of the "American Christian Church" and reprints the English portions of "The Life and Morals of Jesus." He approves of TJ because his bible removes the implication that Jesus was a supernatural being and, as his subsequent "New Declaration" reveals, because TJ's text is "non-Jewish." An attempt to use TJ for the purposes of anti-Semitic and white supremacist propaganda. Distasteful, to say the least.

Reference: 66
Author: Huddleston, Eugene L.
Title: Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Guide.
Publisher: G. K. Hall,
Place of Publication: Boston:
Date: (1982)
Extent: xxiii, 374.

Notes: Listed as # 13 in TJCAB . Cites approximately 1400 items on Jefferson or the Declaration of Independence, both scholarly and popular, with descriptive annotations.

Reference: 67
Author: McAllister, Elaine
Title: "The Marquis de Condorcet and Thomas Jefferson: Revolutionary Proposals for Civic Education in the Eighteenth Century.", Ph.D. dissertation. Georgia State University, College of Education
Publication: DAI 698-99A.
Volume: 43.
Date: (1982)
Extent: 214.

Notes: Concludes that TJ's and Condorcet's educational plans were the most comprehensive and democratic proposals written during the American and French Revolutions, but other proposals were followed because these were too "radical" in implication and events worked against implementation. Contents of the two plans were influenced by their common origins in eighteenth-century Atlantic civilization and the democratic revolutions. TJ and Condorcet for the first time envisioned universal civic education as a necessary and possible practical goal for the new republics.

Reference: 68
Author: ed. Julian P. Boyd and Ruth W. Lester
Title: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Volume 20, 1 April to 4 August 1791. Volume 20, 1 April to 4 August 1791.
Publisher: Princeton University Press,
Place of Publication: Princeton:
Date: (1982)
Extent: xxxii, 759.

Notes: Contains Boyd's last long Editorial Note, entitled "Fixing the Seat of Government," which brings together papers concerning the planning for the new national capital. Boyd argues that "Jefferson's impress upon the plan for the capital is far greater than realized," and Pierre L'Enfant's has been accordingly somewhat exaggerated. Also includes a block of letters to Gouverneur Morris and others on "Sources of Foreign Intelligence."

Reference: 69
Author: Allen, William B.
Title: "The Manners of Liberalism: A Question of Limits."
Publication: Improving College and University Teaching
Volume: 30
Date: (1982)
Extent: 164-70.

Notes: Discusses Harriet Beecher Stowe's critique of TJ for diluting liberalism by despairing of the possibility of giving a liberal education to all. Claims Stowe, unlike TJ, concludes that "certain artifices--manners-" are required in order to achieve the actual existence of a particular community which can convey to men the idea of the end of their existence.

Reference: 70
Author: Appleby, Joyce
Title: "Commercial Farming and the `Agrarian Myth' in the Early Republic."
Publication: Journal of American History
Volume: 68
Date: (1982)
Extent: 833-49.

Notes: Contends that TJ's vision for America in the 1780's was both agrarian and commercial. He envisioned a food-producing economy for an international market, thus economic independence and a rising standard of living. Debate between Jeffersonians and Hamiltonians was over how best to realize America's economic potential, "a struggle between two different elaborations of capitalistic development." TJ is not, as many historians have portrayed him, the loser in a battle against modernity but the winner in a contest over how the government should serve its citizens. Criticizes the "retrospective bias" which identifies modernity with industrialism and points out that the agriculturalists were responding to the economic realities (and apparent future) of their moment. In resisting Hamilton's policies the Republicans forwent the divisions historians have focused on in explaining party formation, -- rich vs. poor, merchants vs. farmers, commercial interests vs. proponents of self-sufficiency, -- because they believed that a freely developing economy would benefit all.

Reference: 71
Author: Appleby, Joyce
Title: "What Is Still American in the Political Philosophy of Thomas Jefferson?"
Publication: William and Mary Quarterly
Volume: 39
Date: (1982)
Extent: 287-309.

Notes: Contends that "more than another figure in his generation Jefferson integrated a program of economic development and a policy for nation building into a radical moral theory." This integration is most demonstrable in the later period of his life when he embraced the ideas of Destutt de Tracy, although a case is made for appearance of it in at least elementary forms as early as the time his appearance in the Continental Congress. Argues that TJ's commitment to an expanding commercial agriculture and later to commerce in general was linked to an optimistic assessment in individual moral possibility that differentiated him from the reverence for the past and the anxiety about the future characteristic of the tradition of civic humanism described by J. G. A. Pocock, John Murrin, and others. If the author's claims at their most far-reaching do not always seem to be fully supported by the evidence offered, they are nonetheless well enough grounded to offer a serious challenge to those historians who argue for the continuation as late as 1815 of a classical, "Country-minded" politics. An important essay.

Reference: 72
Author: Baker, Denise W.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the West."
Publication: M.A. thesis. Western Kentucky University,
Date: (1982)

Notes: Not seen.

Reference: 73
Author: Banes, Ruth A.
Title: "The Exemplary Self: Autobiography in Eighteenth-Century America."
Publication: Biography
Volume: 5
Date: (1982)
Extent: 226-39.

Notes: Claims that TJ, along with Franklin, John Woolman, and John Adams in their autobiographies downplayed their self-importance by offering a justification for writing their own lives, by using parable forms, and by alluding to the power of Divine Providence. These conventions work to establish an autobiographical form and to present a shared self-conception: the exemplary self. Where the eighteenth-century religious autobiographer reaffirmed a universe of verities, the secular autobiographers tended to clarify and expand important aspects in American history. In each case early American autobiographers emphasized universal principles, while diminishing individual importance, and thus, it is argued, the secular writers emulated the spiritual writers. Does not do justice to the particular character of TJ's autobiography (or Franklin's) by flattening it against the model of spiritual autobiography, and ignores rhetorically different functions of seemingly similar devices such as parable.

Reference: 74
Author: Baumgarth, William F.
Title: "A Religious People: Political Philosophy, Civil Religion, and the American Polity."
Publication: Journal of Dharma
Volume: 7
Date: (1982)
Extent: 26-45.

Notes: Focuses on the supposed tension in liberalism between regarding religion as merely the maintenance of opinion even as it requires that opinion for smooth operation of the polity. Sees TJ as closest American theorist to Locke and describes him as a "republican deist," but contends that the Declaration ultimately points not to the deists' "architect of the universe" but to a personal and active God. Poorly edited and proofread attempt to reinscribe a more conservative TJ and Declaration.

Reference: 75
Author: Bedini, Silvio A.
Title: "Jefferson: Man of Science."
Publication: Frontiers (Annual of the American Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia)
Volume: 3
Date: (1982)
Extent: 10-23.

Notes: Excellent article-length treatment of TJ's interests in science. Makes the distinction that he should more accurately be termed a "man of science" rather than a "scientist." Traces subsequent history of his scientific collections; the fossils have ended up in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Reference: 76
Author: Bell, Ian F.
Title: "`Speaking in Figures': The Mechanical Thomas Jefferson of Canto 31"
Publication: Ezra Pound: Tactics for Reading, ed. Ian F. Bell
Publisher: Barnes & Noble
Place of Publication: Vision Press / Totowa, NJ
Place of Publication: London:
Date: (1982)
Extent: 148-86.

Notes: Pound was composing Canto 31 in 1933, the same year in which he was writing Jefferson and/or Mussolini . The image of TJ which dominates this poem is the practical, scientific man, the espouser of a materialistic philosophy a la Cabanis and Flourens, and the friend to neology. Pound wished to oppose the factory system, the "masses," and a debased currency by reviving the liberating potential of science and constructive technology as embodied in heroes who got things done, while apparently failing to recognize this Enlightenment program as the source of the modern problem in the first place. With the exception of six lines, all the language of this Canto comes from the correspondence of TJ (mostly) and Adams, emphasizing features of repeatability and autoreflection, "a sense of itself as having been made." One of the best essays on Pound and TJ.

Reference: 77
Author: Brown, Sharon A.
Title: "Creating the Dream: Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 1933-1935."
Publication: Missouri Historical Review
Volume: 76
Date: (1982)
Extent: 302-26.

Notes: On the origins of the project to memorialize "the vision of Thomas Jefferson" which emerged three decades later as the Gateway Arch.

Reference: 78
Author: Carrithers, David W.
Title: "Montesquieu, Jefferson and the Fundamentals of Eighteenth-Century Republican Theory."
Publication: French-American Review
Volume: 6
Date: (1982)
Extent: 160-88.

Notes: Analyzes TJ's reading and use of L'Esprit des Lois . He devoted more space in his commonplace book to Montesquieu than to any other political philosopher, but he seems to have read for practical use to support his work on formulating American governmental structures. He focused on discussions about voting, popular sovereignty, and confederate republicanism; his silence on Montesquieu's discussion of virtue and education in Books III and IV may reveal some ideological differences, as might also his ignoring Montesquieu's linking of republicanism and frugality in Book V. Montesquieu placed more stress on authority and obedience than TJ did, and he showed more respect for classical authors. Claims TJ was more conscious of breaking from the past and that by looking at the record of his reading, we can see that Montesquieu was an influence that helped him focus and clarify his emerging thoughts on republicanism.

Reference: 79
Author: Cassara, Ernest
Title: "The Development of America's Sense of Mission"
Publication: The Apocalyptic Vision in America , ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora.
Publisher: Bowling Green University Popular Press,
Place of Publication: Bowling Green:
Date: (1982)
Extent: 64-96.

Notes: Conventional discussion of TJ on 78-84. Nothing new.

Reference: 80
Author: Cord, Robert L.
Title: "Resurrecting Madison and Jefferson"
Publication: Separation of Church and State: Historical Fact and Current Fiction
Publisher: Lambeth Press,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1982)
Extent: 16-47.

Notes: As part of a larger thesis that the Supreme Court's recent decisions involving the separation of church and state are not in accord with American historical fact, argues that the traditional interpretation of the positions of Madison and Jefferson is historically faulty. Points to Madison's willingness to issue thanksgiving day proclamations, which he understood as "merely recommendatory," and his willingness to accept a chaplain to Congress as well as to TJ's acceptance of missionary activities as stipulations in treaties with Indians as evidence that they did not understand the First Amendment as forbidding aid to religion "on a non-discriminatory basis." This is one of the better argued and historically supported expressions of the conservative critique of the so-called "broad" interpretation of the First Amendment's meaning for church-state relations, but it seems insufficiently compelling because of a selective use of historical fact. No mention is made of TJ's "wall of separation" statement, Madison's comment on the danger of establishing "a precedent for giving to religious societies as such a legal agency in carrying into effect a public and civil duty" in the veto message of February 21, 1811, although quoted, is ignored, and the complex historical and moral circumstances surrounding the Moravian's Gnadenhutten project are not recognized. Nevertheless, challenging to simplistic defenses of the "broad" interpretation, although the portrayal of that position here is rather a straw man.

Reference: 81
Author: Crackel, Theodore J.
Title: "Jefferson, Politics, and the Army: An Examination of the Military Peace Establishment Act of 1802."
Publication: Journal of the Early Republic
Volume: 2
Date: (1982)
Extent: 21-38.

Notes: Argues that the design of the Act was to purge the officer corps of its most vocal Federalists in order to replace them with men of Republican sympathies, and it was not, as sometimes claimed, an example of Republican abhorrence of standing armies or of Jeffersonian economy. The Army had been shrinking since early 1800; the Act of 1802 required only another 300 dismissals, but these came from the "bloated" ranks of the commissioned officer corps. Claims that the Act was TJ's foundation for a reform of the Army. Well informed and balanced essay.

Reference: 82
Author: Cullen, Charles T.
Title: "The Jefferson Papers and the New Technology"
Publication: Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Society for Scholarly Publishing: The Challenge of Change: Critical Choices for Scholarly Publishing , ed. Edward T. Cremmins.
Publisher: Society for Scholarly Publishing,
Place of Publication: Washington:
Date: (1982)
Extent: 20-21.

Notes: Describes how after publishing 20 volumes of the Jefferson Papers in the traditional manner, the editorial project has become computerized. Files are created using Waterloo SCRIPT codes so as to speed up production time and increase accuracy by eliminating the need to retype edited text as part of type setting.

Reference: 83
Author: Cunliffe, Marcus
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the Dangers of the Past."
Publication: Wilson Quarterly
Volume: 6
Date: (Winter, 1982)
Extent: 96-107.

Notes: "Adapted" with little change from the author's 1981 essay described above.

Reference: 84
Author: Dewey, Frank L.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's Notes on Divorce."
Publication: William and Mary Quarterly
Volume: 39
Date: (1982)
Extent: 212-23.

Notes: Discusses TJ's notes drawn up for Dr. James Blair of Williamsburg and the status of divorce law in the eighteenth century. See the author's related essay published in 1981.

Reference: 85
Author: Dewey, Frank L.
Title: "The Waterston-Madison Episode: An Incident in Thomas Jefferson's Law Practice."
Publication: VMHB
Volume: 90
Date: (1982)
Extent: 165-76.

Notes: On caveats and petitions over land titles and a "get rich quick" scheme (of somewhat dubious ethics although not technically illegal) devised by some of TJ's clients in Augusta County. This essay and the one listed immediately above are important studies of TJ's law practice; they are included in the author's book-length study of 1986, listed below.

Reference: 86
Author: Edwards, Rem B.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson: Life, Religious Views"

Title: "Thomas Jefferson: The Philosophy Behind the Declaration of Independence"
Publication: A Return to Moral and Religious Philosophy in Early America
Publisher: University Press of America,
Place of Publication: Washington, D.C.:
Date: (1982)
Extent: 105-170.

Notes: Intended to make available "the best of early American philosophizing to college students" and general readers. The chapter on TJ's religious views is weakened by oversimplification and by a somewhat ahistorical treatment; the chapter on the philosophical background to the Declaration weighs the influence of "the rationalistic school" and "the moral sensists," devoting a bit more space to the latter. Takes up the questions of what Jefferson meant by equality, the notion of inalienable rights (derived from Hutcheson), the pursuit of happiness, and the right to revolution. Does not displace the earlier works by Garry Wills and Morton White on the philosophical context of the Declaration, even for college students and general readers.

Reference: 87
Author: Frankel, Jeffrey A.
Title: "The 1807-1809 Embargo against Great Britain."
Publication: Journal of Economic History
Volume: 42
Date: (1982)
Extent: 291-308.

Notes: Opposes conventional views that the Embargo was an economic failure and demonstrates that the Embargo's effect was to lower the real value of consumption in Britain more than in the U. S. Britain was less able to supply agricultural products previously imported from the U. S. than the U.S. was to make up the loss in manufactured goods coming the other way. The Embargo failed, the author contends, not for economic reasons but political ones. Britain was united in opposition to Napoleon, whereas Federalist opposition to TJ and his Embargo grew. An economic analysis, not on TJ directly, but of interest to anyone seeking to understand, and perhaps to justify, his notions about the use of embargoes.

Reference: 88
Author: Garrett, Romeo B.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the Negro"
Publication: The Presidents and the Negro
Publisher: The author,
Place of Publication: Peoria IL:
Date: (1982)
Extent: 23-31.

Notes: Sanitized sketch of TJ as "a victim of the slavery system."

Reference: 89
Author: Gianniny, Omer Allan, Jr.
Title: "Introduction" to Samuel Latham Mitchill's A Discourse on the Character and Services of Thomas Jefferson.
Publisher: Division of Humanities School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville:
Date: (1982)
Extent: i-xii.

Notes: Photographic reprint of Mitchill's 1826 eulogy. The introduction gives a brief account of Mitchill, summarizes his discussion of TJ's services to science and notes some aspects he overlooked. Aimed at undergraduates in a course on TJ's Interest in Science and Technology.

Reference: 90
Author: Hanson, Michael
Title: "Jefferson Houses in Virginia."
Publication: Country Life (Great Britain).
Volume: 171
Date: (1982)
Extent: 816.

Notes: Biographical sketch, notes that Edgemont, the house TJ designed for James Powell Cocke, has recently been sold. Minor.

Reference: 91
Author: Hoffmann, John
Title: "Queries Regarding the Western Rivers: An Unpublished Letter from Thomas Jefferson to the Geographer of the United States."
Publication: Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
Volume: 75
Date: (1982)
Extent: 15-28.

Notes: In letter dated January 24, 1784, TJ asked Thomas Hutchins for information on the flooding of Western rivers. His query suggests that Hutchins' reply was less desired for the revision of the Notes than for TJ's interest in the size of the national domain and his commitment to the creation of new states in the West. Thus this bit of correspondence has more to do with his work as a member of Congress and his work on the Ordinance of 1784.

Reference: 92
Author: Jacobs, Victor
Title: "Was Thomas Jefferson Really Very Bright?"
Publication: Manuscripts
Volume: 34
Date: (1982)
Extent: 21-24.

Notes: Explains a 1781 bill of exchange countersigned by George Rogers Clark (twice) and by TJ as governor of Virginia. Yes, TJ really was very bright.

Reference: 93
Author: Johansen, Bruce E.
Title: "Self-Evident Truths"
Publication: Forgotten Founders: Benjamin Franklin, the Iroquois, and the Rationale for the American Revolution
Publisher: Gambit,
Place of Publication: Ipswich, MA:
Date: (1982)
Extent: 98-118.

Notes: Discusses the shaping influence of Iroquoian political and social ideas upon the emerging American culture, particularly through Benjamin Franklin. This chapter considers the impact of Iroquoian ideas upon TJ and the Declaration of Independence. Interesting, but the arguments are stronger for the influence on Franklin than for those regarding TJ. Unless the reader accords Franklin the central position in the revolutionary movement which the author implicitly ascribes to him, the book as a whole may only convince those ready to be convinced

Reference: 94
Author: Kappel, Andrew J.
Title: "Napoleon and Talleyrand in The Cantos. "
Publisher: Paideuma
Volume: 11
Date: (1982)
Extent: 55-78.

Notes: These figures are introduced through the eyes of TJ and John Adams, beginning with Canto XXXI. Peripheral.

Reference: 95
Author: Kelso, William M.
Title: "Jefferson's Garden: Landscape Archaeology at Monticello."
Publication: Archaeology.
Volume: 35
Date: (July/August, 1982)
Extent: 38-45.

Notes: Good account of excavations for a popular audience, pointing out that archaeological discoveries show how the kitchen garden and outbuildings were part of an interdependent, overall landscape design. Illustrated.

Reference: 96
Author: Ketcham, Ralph
Title: "The Transatlantic Background of Thomas Jefferson's Ideas of Executive Power."
Publication: Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture
Volume: 11
Date: (1982)
Extent: 163-80.

Notes: Asks what conceptions, models, or guidelines were available to the first presidents to define their roles as the leaders in a republic and suggests that TJ, and Washington and Adams by implication, was impressed with the cultural values of the Augustans, with Pope, Swift, and Bolingbroke. He tried to combine these values with Lockean notions of freedom and government by consent. Rather overstates the case for an Augustan TJ (and in the process incidentally tends to deny him any real historical sense), but valuable for suggesting an alternative to the either/or polemic of civic humanist vs. Lockean liberal.

Reference: 97
Author: Malajny, Ryszard M.
Title: "Doktryna Wolnosci Religynej `Ojcow Konstytucij' USA" [The Doctrine of the Freedom of Religion of the `Fathers of the Constitution' of the USA].
Volume: 34
Publication: Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne
Place of Publication: [Poland].
Volume: 2
Date: (1982)
Extent: 111-38.

Notes: Focuses on John Adams, TJ, Madison, and Paine in order to sketch the intellectual background of the Bill of Rights' guarantee of religious freedom. Claims the American thinkers went beyond Europeans such as Locke and Montesquieu by demanding to separate church and state.

Reference: 98
Author: Maschler, Chaninah
Title: "Discussion."
Publication: Interpretation: A Journal of Political Philosophy
Volume: 10
Date: (1982)
Extent: 113-31.

Notes: Prompted by Eva T. H. Brann's Paradoxes of an Education in a Republic (1979); defends TJ and his educational theories against Brann's strictures, accusing her of misreading him. Unfocused.

Reference: 99
Author: Meschutt, David
Title: "The Adams-Jefferson Portrait Exchange."
Publication: American Art Journal
Volume: 14
Date: (no. 2, 1982)
Extent: 47-54.

Notes: Mather Brown did two portraits of each man, one to keep, one to exchange. TJ received the copy, not the original, of his own portrait. Brown did the original of TJ during his 1786 visit to London but did not send the copy of this original to him until 1788. John Trumbull helped TJ get the picture from Brown and placed an order for a portrait of Thomas Paine in addition to that of John Adams. Trumbull himself did a small portrait of Paine for TJ as well as one of TJ for "Miss Jefferson."

Reference: 100
Author: Peck, Ira
Title: "Mr. Jefferson's Offer ... And the Issue of Book Banning."
Publisher: Senior Scholastic
Volume: 115
Date: (October 15, 1982)
Extent: 21-23.

Notes: Present efforts to ban certain books from schools and libraries are not new. TJ's political enemies objected to the national acquisition of his collection containing "books of an atheistic, irreligious, and immoral character."

Reference: 101
Author: Peterson, Merrill D.
Title: "Dumas Malone: The Completion of a Monument."
Publication: Virginia Quarterly Review
Volume: 58
Date: (1982)
Extent: 26-31.

Notes: Celebrates the completion of Malone's Jefferson in His Time and claims that in the final volume a balanced portrait of TJ emerges in "the old image of the Apostle of Liberty."

Reference: 102
Author: Anonymous
Title: "Portrait."
Publication: Canadian Collector
Volume: 17
Date: (Nov/Dec, 1982)
Extent: 61.

Notes: Not seen.

Reference: 103
Author: Quinby, Lee
Title: "Thomas Jefferson: The Virtue of Aesthetics and the Aesthetics of Virtue."
Publication: American Historical Review
Volume: 87
Date: (1982)
Extent: 337-56.

Notes: Argues that TJ's morality was ruled by neither science or reason alone but by an "aesthetics of virtue, a fusion of art and morals, whereby reflective beings are capable of discerning the path to virtue through aesthetic experience." Describes a dynamic moral model with two fundamental dialectics, between the Heart (sentiment) and the Head (reason/memory/imagination) and between humanity and nature. Describes the roots of this in Shaftesbury, incidentally offering an important corrective to Garry Wills's claims for the primacy of Hutchesonian moral sense. Reads Notes as "Notes on the State of Virtue," focusing on the sublime passages as aesthetic and moral demonstrations of the interaction of memory, reason, imagination and sentiment; comments also on TJ's understanding of blacks and his notion of happiness. A suggestive and important essay.

Reference: 104
Author: Schmitt, Gary J.
Title: "Sentimental Journey: Garry Wills and the American Founding."
Publication: Political Science Reviewer
Volume: 12
Date: (Fall, 1982)
Extent: 99-128.

Notes: Severe critique of Wills for arguing from extremely inadequate evidence, and claims he has not succeeded in turning TJ's Declaration into a product of the Scottish Enlightenment.

Reference: 105
Author: Schwartz, Ann
Title: "Jefferson's Garden Reborn."
Publication: Garden (New York Botanical Garden).
Volume: 6
Date: (November/December, 1982)
Extent: 6-11.

Notes: On the restoration of the Monticello gardens under Peter Hatch. This is possible both because TJ's memoranda record the plans and development of the garden and the orchard and because of ongoing archaeological research. Good treatment of the topic in terms of restoration procedures.

Reference: 106
Author: Sheehan, Bernard W.
Title: "Jefferson and the West."
Publication: Virginia Quarterly Review
Volume: 58
Date: (1982)
Extent: 345-52.

Notes: Review essay on Donald Jackson's TJ & the Stony Mountains , contending that, although TJ was in many ways the quintessential modern man, he nevertheless depended upon information from the past conditioned in turn by his agrarian proclivities. Defends him against charges of credulousness about the West, but points out the way in which his ideas of progress supported an ultimately tragic Indian policy.

Reference: 107
Author: Stevens, Michael E.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson, Indians, and the Missing Privy Council Journals."
Publication: South Carolina History Magazine
Volume: 82
Date: (1982)
Extent: 177-85.

Notes: A recently discovered, unpublished extract from the South Carolina Privy Council Journals, dated March 27, 1789, reveals the council's authorization of TJ as their agent in Europe to receive old bonds from the Van Staphorsts as part of a scheme to retire the state's Revolutionary War debt. (A second extract is about Indians, no connection to TJ. )

Reference: 108
Author: Volker, Joseph F.
Title: "A Jefferson Commentary on Physiology and Theology."
Publication: Alabama Journal of Medical Sciences.
Volume: 19.
Date: (1982)
Extent: 365-67.

Notes: Describes and quotes TJ's correspondence with Lafayette, John Adams, and Francis Adrian van der Kemp on the subject of Pierre Flourens' Recherches experimentales sur les proprietes et les fonctions du systeme nerveux dans les animaux vertebres (1822). TJ was interested in evidence for the material basis of thought.

Reference: 109
Author: Wood, Gordon S.
Title: "The Bigger the Beast the Better."
Publication: American History Illustrated.
Volume: 17
Date: (no. 8, 1982)
Extent: 30-37.

Notes: Account of the controversy with Buffon over the relative size of European and American life forms. For a popular audience.

Reference: 110
Author: Yoder, Edwin M.
Title: "The Sage at Sunset."
Publication: Virginia Quarterly Review
Volume: 58
Date: (1982)
Extent: 32-37.

Notes: Responding to Malone's last volume, looks at TJ's late years and sees him as not quiescently settling into old age but "still battling on all sorts of fronts on which the war was to go badly for him." Notes his mounting personal debts, his concern about centralizing political power, threats to popular sovereignty, but also his ability to rise above the storm. Praises Malone's TJ as sage as a portrayal valuable for its sympathies and for its critical stance.

Reference: 655
Author: Davidson, James West and Mark Hamilton Lytle
Title: "Declaring Independence: The Strategies of Documentary Analysis" in
Publication: After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection
Publisher: Knopf
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1982)
Extent: 56-82.

Notes: In a volume of essays intended for the intelligent lay reader, the authors show how historians have dealt with various problems, in this case the problem of analyzing a document. Discusses various misconceptions about just what was resolved on July 4 and demonstrates methods of reading a text that historians might employ, including it in terms of what it says and doesn't say, of the intellectual world of its author, and of how it functions in a specific social situation.

Reference: 13
Author: Huddleston, Eugene L
Title: Thomas Jefferson, A Reference Guide.
Publisher: G. K. Hall
Place of Publication: Boston
Date: (1982)
Extent: pp. xxiii, 374.

Notes: Annotates about 1300 items, both scholarly and popular; not critical, occasionally inaccurate, but useful for students.

Reference: 111
Author: Abrahams, Mildred K.
Title: Formerly in the Possession Of: Books from the Libraries of William Byrd II, Landon Carter, Thomas Jefferson, and Their Contemporaries.
Publisher: Department of Rare Books, University of Virginia Library
Place of Publication: Charlottesville:
Date: (1983)
Extent: 81.

Notes: Keepsake of an exhibition, 16 October--31 December, 1983, with a brief introduction; the Library houses 152 titles once owned by TJ, mostly from his last library formed after the great library had been sold to the Library of Congress.

Reference: 112
Author: Adams, William Howard
Title: Jefferson's Monticello.
Publisher: Abbeville Press,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1983)
Extent: x, 276.

Notes: Well informed, elegantly written and presented treatment of TJ's life-long architectural project. Separate chapters cover his architectural reading and the buildings he would have known in Virginia before he began building Monticello, the first Monticello project, the second Monticello, his landscaping of the grounds, his furnishings for the house, and the subsequent history of Monticello. Illustrated with handsome photographs and with reproductions of TJ's architectural drawings. Argues more strongly than some other architectural historians do for a fairly direct, significant Palladian influence. A major book on Monticello.

Reference: 113
Author: Allison, Andrew M., with M. Richard Maxfield, K. DeLynn Cook, and W. Cleon Skansen
Title: The Real Thomas Jefferson.
Publisher: National Center for Constitutional Studies,
Place of Publication: Washington, D.C.:
Date: (1983)
Extent: xvi, 709.

Notes: "Second edition, revised." (1st in 1981, not seen). First 334 pages are a biography by Allison, "Thomas Jefferson, Champion of Liberty," and the rest is a collection of quotations arranged topically under the heading of "Timeless Treasures from Thomas Jefferson." In contradistinction to the "analyses" and "interpretations" of other historians, this volume purports to give the "real" TJ in his own words. Naive and uncritical.

Reference: 114
Author: Brick, Blanche Henderson
Title: "Changing Concepts of Equal Educational Opportunity: A Comparison of the Views of Thomas Jefferson, Horace Mann, and John Dewey." Ph.D. dissertation. Texas A & M University
Publication: DAI; 435-A.
Volume: 45
Date: (1983)
Date: (1984)
Extent: pp.248.

Notes: Examines changing concepts of equal educational opportunity in order to develop better policies in the present. Examines what each man meant by the term equal educational opportunity [a term TJ never used as such] and relates it to each man's philosophical views regarding human nature, individual responsibility, and the "Good Society." TJ realized the threat of institutions to personal liberty, but because Mann and Dewey lived in a world beginning to view man more as a creature than a creator of his institutions, they sought to equalize opportunity by expanding rather than by limiting institutional power.

Reference: 115
Author: Cable, Carole
Title: Thomas Jefferson, Architect: A Bibliography of Scholarship from 1968-1981.
Publisher: Vance Bibliographies,
Place of Publication: Monticello, IL:
Date: (1983)
Extent: 10.

Notes: Intended to supplement O'Neal's 1969 bibliography of work on TJ's architectural activities. Annotated.

Reference: 116
Author: Carson, David Allen
Title: "Congress in Jefferson's Foreign Policy, 1801-1809."
Publication: Ph.D. dissertation. Texas Christian University,
Volume: 44
Publication: DAI
Date: (1983)
Extent: pp.302.; 2553-A.

Notes: Examines the composition of the Seventh through the Tenth Congresses in order to consider the relationship between President and Congress on specific foreign policy issues. Contends that TJ's changing relationship with Congress helps explain the foreign policy successes of his first term and the failures of his second. In TJ's first term Congress was relatively docile, disciplined, and cooperative, and he was able to turn even the Federalist opposition to use in acquiring Western territory. Congress also gave him extensive authority to deal with the Barbary Pirates. In the Ninth Congress, however, the relationship began to break down relative to foreign affairs as a consequence of the revolt led by John Randolph and the Federalist opposition headed by Timothy Pickering. In the first session of the Tenth Congress TJ dominated Congress completely, but his support collapsed in the second session with the apparent failure of the embargo policy. He all but abdicated his authority during the last four months in office and left the Congress and nation virtually leaderless.

Reference: 117
Author: Egan, Clifford L.
Title: Neither Peace Nor War: Franco-American Relations, 1802-1812.
Publisher: Louisiana State University Press,
Place of Publication: Baton Rouge:
Date: (1983)
Extent: xxvi, 226.

Notes: As the title suggests, the focus is not primarily on TJ but it offers a useful account of his foreign policy concerns after the Louisiana Purchase agreement. Argues for TJ's neutrality as president towards Great Britain and France and a deep-seated desire for peace. Neither his domestic opponents nor the British believed in his neutrality, however, and the British in consequence rode rough-shod over American rights. French diplomatic observers more correctly saw him as an American nationalist above all, even if he was sympathetic to France.

Reference: 118
Author: Garver, Newton
Title: Jesus, Jefferson, and the Task of Friends.
Publisher: Pendle Hill,
Place of Publication: Wallingford, PA:
Date: (1983)
Extent: 30.

Notes: In discussing the work of Friends (Quakers) in the world, the author appeals to the examples of Jesus (especially Matthew 25:31-40) and TJ. TJ is interesting because his ideas "delimit the domain of politics" and because he exemplifies a hope necessary for survival in the world. This hope "that things in general will work out" is not the same as optimism, "hope made specific," and thus includes a necessary skepticism about any single human endeavor.

Reference: 119
Author: Jordan, Daniel P.
Title: Political Leadership in Jefferson's Virginia.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia,
Place of Publication: Charlottesville:
Date: (1983)
Extent: xiv, 284.

Notes: Only a few pages directly on TJ; analyzes the political system and practice rather than focusing on "leaders" as such.

Reference: 120
Author: Kirtland, Robert Bevier
Title: "George Wythe: Lawyer, Revolutionary, Judge." Ph.D. dissertation. University of Michigan,
Publication: DAI; 1896-A.
Volume: 44
Date: (1983)
Date: (1983)
Extent: pp.335.

Notes: Regrets that Wythe is not better known, since the better we knew him and his close relationship with TJ, the better, too, we would understand Jefferson. Wythe the revolutionary wished to establish an American jurisprudence within the framework of the English common law, and with TJ and Edmund Pendleton proposed a drastic, simplified redrafting of Virginia statutory law.

Reference: 121
Author: Lewis, Jan
Title: The Pursuit of Happiness: Family and Values in Jefferson's Virginia.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1983)
Extent: xix, 289.

Notes: Not specifically about TJ but discusses him and members of his family in passing through the book. First rate social history which has much to say about the values and experience of family life in Virginia, particularly among the literate middle and upper classes at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries. After an opening portrayal of the pre-Revolutionary gentry, chapters are organized thematically around religion, death (TJ's response to his wife's death bridged two modes of mourning; his determination to reenter public life and obliterate the traces of his grief was typical of the eighteenth century, but his near collapse after her death prefigured later sentimental responses), worldly success, and love. A final chapter considers the transformation of values that took place between the revolutionary generation for whom civic affairs had been a way of life and the generation of their grandchildren who found greatest meaning in private family life.

Reference: 122
Author: Llewellyn, Robert
Title: Thomas Jefferson's Monticello.
Publisher: Thomasson-Grant,
Place of Publication: Charlottesville:
Date: (1983)
Extent: 112.

Notes: A collection of handsome color photographs taken by Llewellyn; foreword by Dumas Malone; commentary by Charles Granquist.

Reference: 123
Author: Cullen Charles T.
Title: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Charles T. Cullen, R.R. Crout, Eugene R. Sheridan, Ruth W. Lester.
Volume: Volume 21. Index, volumes 1-20.
Publisher: Princeton University Press,
Place of Publication: Princeton:
Date: (1983)
Extent: xi, 592.

Notes: Replaces three "temporary" indexes, but the editors caution that they have made no systematic attempt to prepare new subject entries for this index. Some categories were not covered in each of the earlier indexes, e. g. "farm implements" is a category in the second index but not in the first or third, and in preparing the present index the editors did not review Volumes 1-6 and 13-20 to complete the category. Thus, the "temporary" indexes may retain some value.

Reference: 124
Author: Adams Dickinson W.
Title: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson: Second Series: Jefferson's Extracts from the Gospels, ed. Dickinson W. Adams and Ruth W. Lester, Introduction by Eugene R. Sheridan.
Publisher: Princeton University Press,
Place of Publication: Princeton:
Date: (1983)
Extent: xii, 438.

Notes: The first volume in the Papers edition's second series, which will include the longer items most amenable to topical rather than chronological arrangement. Included here are a reconstructed version of "The Philosophy of Jesus," a major piece of textual scholarship on the part of Dickinson W. Adams, and TJ's later scissors edit of the Gospels, "The Life and Morals of Jesus." Sheridan's "Introduction" traces the evolution of TJ's religious opinions and examines the three versions he constructed of the life of Jesus, from the "Syllabus" included in the letter of April, 21, 1803, to Benjamin Rush to the final "Life and Morals." Points out the genesis of TJ's beliefs in his early reading of Bolingbroke, the influence of Joseph Priestley, and the effect of his correspondence with Benjamin Rush. Contends that TJ is best understood as a "demythologized Christian," whose rationalism and religiousness have variously been distorted in the accounts of partisans of one position or the other. This essay is probably the best single account of TJ's religious beliefs and will have to be consulted by all future scholars on the subject; the volume also includes a useful appendix of TJ's correspondence pertaining to religion.

Reference: 125
Author: Peterson, Sanford William
Title: "The Genesis and Development of Parliamentary Procedure in Colonial America, 1609-1801." Ph.d. dissertation. Indiana University,
Publication: DAI; 3206-A.
Volume: 44
Date: (1983)
Extent: pp.383.

Notes: Discusses TJ's contributions to evolving understanding of parliamentary procedure in America during his career as Burgess, Delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention, Delegate to the Continental Congress, and President of the Senate. Uses TJ's notes from his "Parliamentary Pocketbook" which led up to his Manual . Argues for an emergence of colonial rules of order entirely unlike those of the Houses of Commons or Lords and contends there is no direct evidence for transportation in fact, language, or substance of the English rules of order to the colonies. Includes Giles Gray's transcription of and notes to TJ's "Parliamentary Pocketbook."

Reference: 126
Author: Sheldon, Garrett Ward
Title: "Classical and Modern Influences on American Political Thought: The Political Theories of Thomas Jefferson." Ph.D. dissertation. Rutgers,
Publication: DAI; 1564-A.
Volume: 44
Date: (1983)
Extent: pp.337.

Notes: Seeks to situate "Jefferson's political theory ... within the entire history of Western Political Thought." Argues that TJ's early, Revolutionary writings targeted at the organic ideology of the British Empire were defined by a Lockean liberalism which emphasized freedom, independence, equality, limited government and revolution. After the Revolution his writings increasingly drew upon classical Greek concepts of human nature, politics, and ethics to support the construction of a new republic. When he later saw the possibility of a remote and corrupt national government as a threat to local freedoms, the liberal tendencies in his politics reasserted themselves, once again employing Lockean metaphors on behalf of Aristotelean commonwealths.

Reference: 127
Author: Shuffelton, Frank
Title: Thomas Jefferson: A Comprehensive, Annotated Bibliography of Writings about Him: 1826-1980.
Publisher: Garland Publishing,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1983)
Extent: xix, 486.

Notes: Predecessor to this volume. Lists 3,447 items about Jefferson arranged under five topical headings. Includes brief introduction, subject index, and list of authors.

Reference: 128
Author: Yonkers, Tescia Ann
Title: Shrine of Freedom: Thomas Jefferson Memorial.
Publisher: The author,
Place of Publication: Washington, D.C.:
Date: (1983)
Extent: [52].

Notes: Sketch of TJ, the work of the Memorial Commission, and the building of the Memorial. Souvenir booklet, good of its kind.

Reference: 129
Author: Adams, William Howard
Title: "Historic Houses--Thomas Jefferson's Monticello."
Publication: Architectural Digest
Volume: 40
Date: (August, 1983)
Extent: 116-26.

Notes: Brief account, generously illustrated with photographs by Langdon Clay.

Reference: 130
Author: Allen, Esther A.
Title: "Jefferson's Naval Policy and the Southern Congressional Response."
Publication: M.A. thesis. Georgia Southern College,
Date: (1983)

Notes: Not seen.

Reference: 131
Author: Barnouw, Jeffrey
Title: "The Pursuit of Happiness in Jefferson and Its Background in Bacon and Hobbes."
Publication: Interpretation: A Journal of Political Philosophy
Volume: 11
Date: (1983)
Extent: 225-48.

Notes: Argues for a connection between the ideas of the pursuit of happiness and a spirit of enterprise, "a sense of venturesome self-reliance which is essential to happiness" and is grounded in the thinking of Bacon and Hobbes. Claims their "psychology of endeavor" differs from Locke's denial of the freedom of the will, (although it is debatable if TJ and most of his compatriots would have read Locke in this way). Interestingly suggests that Bacon's conception of science as a disciplining of the mind through deliberate experience figures in the tradition of American republicanism which notably differed from classical republicanism in its acceptance of time as a medium of change and chance. Concedes that Hobbes had no overt influence in Revolutionary America, but suggests that his ideas made their influence felt through the works of Priestley, Blackstone, Hume, Hutcheson, and Locke. An ambitious and challenging essay.

Reference: 132
Author: Beiswanger, William L.
Title: "The Temple in the Garden: Thomas Jefferson's Vision of the Monticello Landscape."
Publication: Eighteenth-Century Life
Volume: 8
Date: (January, 1983)
Extent: 170-88.

Notes: Surveys TJ's proposed temples and garden buildings for Monticello, only one of which was built. The temple he built on the edge of the stone wall overlooking the vegetable garden collapsed by 1827, perhaps because of a poorly laid foundation. His earliest projects were inspired by literary and romantic associations, but he was also interested in constructing historically and archaeologically accurate designs of Chinese, classical, and Palladian architecture. By 1800 he showed more interest in the symbolic values of structures, with a preference for classic forms suggesting the republican vision.

Reference: 133
Author: Bell, Barry
Title: "Reading and `Misreading' the Declaration of Independence."
Publication: Early American Literature
Volume: 18
Date: (1983)
Extent: 71-83.

Notes: Notes the tendency many of our most persuasive readings of the Declaration to map its text against the tradition which supposedly contains its key terms; if it seems hopeless to assess the precise degree of credit each contending "tradition" bears, the history of the Declaration's interpretations points to the complex problem of intertextuality, here evidenced by one of its first interpreters, Peter Whitney, a minister in Northborough, Massachusetts, in 1776. His sermon, American Independence Vindicated , "misreads," i. e. creatively interprets, the Declaration as congruent with the political concerns of Real Whigs as well as with those of evangelical Christians. Encouraged by textual images of slavery, of paternal and Christian responsibility, and of involuntary social and historical rupture, Whitney exploited the protean qualities of the Declaration's text which allowed diverse and even divergent interpretations.

Reference: 134
Author: Bell, David
Title: "Knowledge and The Middle Landscape: Thomas Jefferson's University of Virginia."
Publication: Journal of Architectural Education
Volume: 37
Date: (Winter, 1983)
Extent: 18-26.

Notes: Argues that TJ's plans for the University of Virginia reflect his awareness of his own mediating position between the natural and cultural universes. he thus invented a "middle landscape," one neither wild nor refined, for America, and the University represents his "architectural incarnation." Interesting analysis of the pavilions, concentrating upon the elevations.

Reference: 135
Author: Bradley, Bert E.
Title: "Jefferson and Reagan: The Rhetoric of Two Inaugurals."
Publication: Southern Speech Communication Journal
Volume: 48
Date: (1983)
Extent: 119-36.

Notes: Using "analog-criticism," compares the 1801 and 1981 inaugural speeches, both addresses following a "pivotal election," for responses to questions about excessive federal powers, mistaken foreign policy, and the large number of citizens with negative perceptions of each man. Claims both men developed effective rhetorical strategies of conciliation and moderation to gain voter approval, and goes on to contend that this similarity in two pivotal election inaugurals suggests the high degree to which rhetorical response is contingent upon the situation. "The situation controls the rhetorical response," in effect. See below for critique by Gregg Phifer which exposes the simplistic attitude toward comparison of texts from different historical periods.

Reference: 136
Author: Bradley, Bert E.
Title: "A Response to `Two Inaugurals: A Second Look'."
Publication: Southern Speech Communication Journal
Volume: 48
Date: (1983)
Extent: 386-90.

Notes: Rebuts Phifer's critique (see below) of the preceding piece by accusing it of being politically biased.

Reference: 137
Author: Clark, Clifford E.
Title: "American Architecture : The Prophetic and Biblical Strains"
Publication: The Bible and American Arts and Letters, ed. Giles Gunn.
Publisher: Fortress Press,
Place of Publication: Philadelphia:
Date: (1983)
Extent: 105-27.

Notes: Argues that from TJ on American architects have functioned (whether they recognized it or not) within what Perry Miller and Sacvan Bercovitch have called the jeremiad tradition. TJ was "an initiator and cornerstone of this tradition" because of his concern for the moral purpose of architecture and for raising the practice of architecture to standards appropriate for a nation that was in effect a "city upon a hill."

Reference: 138
Author: Dewey, Frank L.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's Law Practice: The Norfolk Anti-Inoculation Riots."
Publication: Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
Volume: 91
Date: (1983)
Extent: 39-53.

Notes: TJ represented Dr. Archibald Campbell and James Parker against the charge of maintaining a public nuisance when they had their families inoculated against small pox. Mobs in Norfolk had rioted in 1768 and 1769 against their practice of inoculation, and Dr. Campbell's house was burned. TJ was also employed by Campbell and Parker to assist in the prosecution of the rioters.

Reference: 139
Author: Downs, Robert B.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson"
Publication: Memorable Americans, ed. Downs, John T. Flanagan, Harold W. Scott.
Publisher: Libraries Unlimited,
Place of Publication: Littleton CO:
Date: (1983)
Extent: 172-74.

Notes: Biographical sketch; the usual.

Reference: 140
Author: Unknown
Title: "The Edgehill Portrait of Thomas Jefferson."
Publication: Virginia Cavalcade
Volume: 32
Date: (1983)
Extent: 148-49.

Notes: Brief account of the history behind the Edgehill portrait, Gilbert Stuart's second oil portrait of TJ. During the June 1805 sitting, Stuart mixed a sample of the grass green color TJ wished to use on the entrance hall floor at Monticello.

Reference: 141
Author: Falk, Richard
Title: "Beyond Internationalism"
Publication: The End of the World Order: Essays on Normative International Relations
Publisher: Princeton University Press,
Place of Publication: Princeton:
Date: (1983)
Extent: 105-41.

Notes: Argues that "the Jeffersonian perspective on America's role in the world is suggestive, although no more than that, for those who favor a value-oriented foreign policy with roots in the historical past and that can yet respond to likely discontinuities in the probable future." TJ placed his hopes and faith in an America dedicated to liberty as well as to independence. His importance today, symbolic rather than literal, owes to his recognition of the dangers in the materialist cult of progress, of the need for a balanced social and economic order in which rural, agrarian patterns are not displaced by urban and industrial modes, and of the need to trust people to care for themselves.

Reference: 142
Author: Fender, Stephen
Title: "The Declaration of Independence"
Publication: American Literature in Context, 1620-1830
Publisher: Methuen,
Place of Publication: London:
Date: (1983)
Extent: 97-121.

Notes: Observes that George III is arraigned as the emperor of dullness and reads Pope's Dunciad not as an influence per se but as an intertextual reference. Contends that "this intertextual reference to Augustan satire is the rhetorical equivalent of the Declaration's appeal to natural law," lifting the argument to a disinterested standard of order and chaos. Follows with a more conventional account of TJ's intellectual sources in Locke and the common sense philosophers and discusses themes of natural rights, liberty, etc.

Reference: 143
Author: Hatch, Peter
Title: "Thomas Jefferson, Gardener."
Publication: Flower and Garden
Volume: 27
Date: (July, 1983)
Extent: 6-9, 28.

Notes: On the restoration of the Monticello gardens, written by the Superintendent of Grounds there. Slanted towards gardeners, with information on TJ's mulching practices, manuring, and varieties planted.

Reference: 144
Author: Hauer, Stanley R.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the Anglo-Saxon Language."
Publication: PMLA
Volume: 98
Date: (1983)
Extent: 879-98.

Notes: Authoritative study of TJ's interest in and knowledge of Old English which began with his early legal studies. Includes an analysis of his "Essay on the Anglo-Saxon Language" and the translations from the Old English Heptateuch and a critique of the importance and validity of his ideas. Finds TJ admirable as a pioneer in the study of Old English, but criticizes his sweeping generalizations and heedless oversimplifications of Old English grammar.

Reference: 145
Author: Henderson, Phillip G.
Title: "Marshall versus Jefferson: Politics and the Federal Judiciary in the Early Republic."
Publication: Michigan Journal of Political Science.
Volume: 2
Date: (No. 2, 1983)
Extent: 42-66.

Notes: Explains the differences between TJ and Marshall over the constitutional role of the judiciary and contends that their debates remain strikingly relevant. Their legacy, however, is misunderstood by those who praise Marshall's activism without acknowledging the elitist dimension of his political philosophy as well as by those who want the judiciary to advance principles of Jeffersonian democracy while ignoring TJ's concern, at least after 1800, to limit the Supreme Court's authority. Claims that in recent years paradoxically it is Justice Rehnquist who "has taken on a distinctly Jeffersonian tone in judicial conduct," but if TJ were alive today, he might have preferred the work of the activist Warren Court.

Reference: 146
Author: Kelso, William M.
Title: "Landscape Archaeology: A Key to Virginia's Cultivated Past."
Publication: Eighteenth-Century Life
Volume: 8
Date: (January, 1983)
Extent: 159-69.

Notes: Discusses archaeological work on the gardens at Carter's Grove, Kingsmill, and Monticello, with emphasis on the latter. Archaeological research has proved invaluable in providing physical details for reconstruction and help in interpreting TJ's garden notes and sketches more accurately. Describes TJ's landscaping and improvements on Mulberry Row and his ha-ha designed to protect the lawn.

Reference: 147
Author: Kessler, Sanford
Title: "Jefferson's Rational Religion"
Publication: The Constitutional Polity: Essays on the Founding Principles of American Politics, ed. Sidney A. Pearson, Jr.
Publisher: University Press of America,
Place of Publication: Washington:
Date: (1983)
Extent: 58-73.

Notes: Offers a conventional account of TJ's "rational religion," but goes on to argue that although his religious views were never as popular as he hoped they would become, TJ's beliefs have deeply influenced the doctrines of most American churches. These churches do not teach the right of a favored few to rule over the rest, nor for the most part do their clergymen seek to prevent their members from regulating their own "pursuit of industry and improvement."

Reference: 148
Author: Kessler, Sanford
Title: "Locke's Influence on Jefferson's `Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom'."
Publication: Journal of Church and State
Volume: 25
Date: (1983)
Extent: 231-52.

Notes: Extensive examination of the influence of the Letter on Toleration and The Reasonableness of Christianity establishes the strength of Locke's influence. Considers important differences as well. TJ trusted government less than Locke did and thus sought to alter the Lockean framework in the direction of greater religious freedom. He also trusted people more and was willing to see their "good sense" as a defense against error. Does not overturn earlier similar analyses but offers more comprehensive examination.

Reference: 149
Author: Leiner, Frederick C.
Title: "The `Whimsical Phylosophic President' and His Gunboats."
Publication: American Neptune
Volume: 43
Date: (1983)
Extent: 245-66.

Notes: A detailed and critical survey of TJ's naval policies. Faults him for undervaluing the strategic importance of a high-seas fleet and for persisting in the untested gunboat scheme. (Although initial support by Commodore Preble for the gunboats may have contributed to his mistaken enthusiasm. ) Obstinately maintained despite evident failures, this came close to undoing the country.

Reference: 150
Author: Llewellyn, Robert
Title: "A New View of Monticello."
Publication: Historic Preservation.
Volume: 35
Date: (no. 5, 1983)
Extent: 48-51.

Notes: Photographs.

Reference: 151
Author: Loss, Richard
Title: "Thomas Jefferson Versus Wellesley High School."
Publication: Teaching Political Science: Politics in Perspective
Volume: 11
Date: (Fall, 1983)
Extent: 15-19.

Notes: Contends that one reason for concern with the quality of American high schools concerns the limits their performance places on what colleges or universities can accomplish. Uses TJ's views of education as criteria to judge the education he received in Wellesley MA. Wellesley High is considered to be an excellent school, at least compared to those in seriously disadvantaged communities, but it fell far short of realizing its potential or what TJ hoped schools would accomplish.

Reference: 152
Author: MacFadyen, J.
Title: "The Once and Future Gardens of Thomas Jefferson."
Publication: Horticulture
Volume: 59
Date: (September, 1983)
Extent: 12-19.

Notes: Restoration of Monticello gardens. Substantive account with emphasis on archaeological research and the original design of the gardens. Best account of the fence TJ had built around the garden.

Reference: 153
Author: Malone, Dumas
Title: "Monticello."
Publication: Horizon
Volume: 26
Date: (June, 1983)
Extent: 53-61.

Notes: Text from Malone's Jefferson and His Time accompanies illustrations by Robert Llewellyn to promote a forthcoming volume of photographs.

Reference: 154
Author: McCabe, Carol
Title: "Mr. Jefferson's Garden."
Publication: Early American Life
Volume: 14
Date: (no. 3, 1983)
Extent: 44-49.

Notes: On Monticello's gardens as now restored; for a popular audience. Gives account of efforts by Peter Hatch and staff to find varieties of fruits and vegetables which TJ planted.

Reference: 155
Author: McGraw, Joseph
Title: "`To Secure These Rights': Virginia Republicans on the Strategies of Political Opposition, 1788-1800.
Publication: VMHB
Volume: 91
Date: (1983)
Extent: 54-72.

Notes: Discusses within the context of statewide moves to oppose the Federalists TJ's Kentucky Resolutions, his concern for electing Republicans, and his interest in publicizing Republican principles in journals, pamphlets, and letters from representatives to constituents. Useful view of TJ as a party builder.

Reference: 156
Author: Peterson, Merrill D.
Title: "Jefferson, Madison, and Church State Separation"
Publication: Conceived in Conscience: An Analysis of Contemporary Church-State Relations, ed. Richard A. Rutyna and John W. Kuehl.
Publisher: Donning,
Place of Publication: Norfolk:
Date: (1983)
Extent: 34-42.

Notes: Sees policy of church-state relations as resulting from rationalistic theory mixed with the practical experience of religious pluralism. Points out two versions of the purpose of religious freedom: to protect the state from church interference and to protect religious life from the secular state. TJ's Statute was passed with support from both points of view; he upheld the former, secular-Enlightenment version, but Madison in his "Memorial and Remonstrance" appealed to both arguments.

Reference: 157
Author: Phifer, Gregg
Title: "Two Inaugurals: A Second Look."
Publication: Southern Speech Communications Journal
Volume: 48
Date: (1983)
Extent: 375-85.

Notes: Critiques Bert E. Bradley's essay of this year (see above), contending that comparison between TJ and Reagan speeches is suspect because "even when the words look alike, the social setting makes it unlikely that Jefferson and Reagan meant the same thing." Concedes the difficulty of scholarly objectivity when dealing with controversial contemporary issues, but claims that it is important to look not just at what is said in a literal sense, but at what is done, at the difference in settings, the difference in times.

Reference: 158
Author: Preyer, Kathryn
Title: "Crime, The Criminal Law and Reform in Post-Revolutionary Virginia."
Publication: Law and History Review
Volume: 1
Date: (1983)
Extent: 53-85.

Notes: Rejects Julian Boyd's contention that TJ's Bill to Proportion Crimes and Punishments did little more than restore generally accepted practice concerning capital offenses. Traditional means of mitigating the law's severity were swept away with the idea that "none may be induced to injure through hope of impunity." Claims that the Jeffersonian formulation was intended to supercede the immediate past, as were the Statute of Descents and the Bill for Religious Freedom, by embracing what were understood as ancient realities. Points out that it is difficult to evaluate TJ's bill since we have insufficient knowledge about crime and the criminal system in Virginia at this time.

Reference: 159
Author: Quinn, Sandra L., and Sanford Kanter
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's Children"
Publication: America's Royalty: All the President's Children
Publisher: Greenwood Press,
Place of Publication: Westport CT:
Date: (1983)
Extent: 15-22.

Notes: Briefly discusses each of TJ's children; includes the Hemings children, but withholds final judgment on the question of his paternity.

Reference: 160
Author: Schulz, Constance B.
Title: "`Of Bigotry in Politics and Religion': Jefferson's Religion, The Federalist Press and the Syllabus."
Publication: Virginia Magazine of History and Biography.
Volume: 91.
Date: (1983)
Extent: 73-91.

Notes: Intelligently discusses the Federalist attacks on TJ's supposed religious principles during the first term of his presidency; credits them (along with Priestley's Jesus and Socrates Compared ) with motivating him to write the Syllabus of the merits of the doctrines of Jesus which he sent to Benjamin Rush and also with reawakening his curiosity about theological matters. Thus sees TJ's interest in religion as at first reactive, motivated by a desire to counter accusations of irreligion, but then becoming an interest for its own sake.

Reference: 161
Author: Simpson, Lewis P.
Title: "The Concept of the Historical Self in Brother to Dragons "
Publication: Robert Penn Warren's Brother to Dragons: A Discussion ed. James A. Grimshaw, Jr.
Publisher: Louisiana State University Press,
Place of Publication: Baton Rouge:
Date: (1983)
Extent: 244-49.

Notes: Discusses Warren's revision of Brother to Dragons in terms of the representation of TJ; the most important change involves a lessened hope for the melioration of the human condition and a more pessimistic attitude, expressed by the character TJ, toward the human heart and its capacity to love.

Reference: 162
Author: Somerville, Terry
Title: "Did America's Founding Fathers Really Stand on the Word of God?"
Publication: Christianity Today
Volume: 27
Date: (June 17, 1983)
Extent: 17-19.

Notes: Warns Christians not to turn to TJ for spiritual or theological teaching, no matter how much he has to offer us politically.

Reference: 163
Author: Stockdale, Eric
Title: "John Stockdale of Piccadilly: Publisher to John Adams and Thomas Jefferson"
Publication: Author/Publisher Relations During the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, ed. Robin Meyers and Michael Harris
Publisher: Oxford Polytechnic Press,
Place of Publication: Oxford UK:
Date: (1983)
Extent: 63-87.

Notes: Stockdale was introduced to bookselling and publishing by John Almon, who had established a reputation for printing and selling material friendly to British Whigs such as Wilkes and Americans such as Benjamin Franklin. When John Adams visited London in late 1783, he took rooms at Stockdale's, and in turn Franklin and Adams referred TJ to Stockdale as a bookseller and otherwise useful London connection. Stockdale first approached TJ about publishing Notes in London, but eventually TJ stopped doing business with him because of his slowness in providing requested books. Discusses circumstances surrounding Stockdale's publication of Notes in some detail.

Reference: 164
Author: Summy, Ralph
Title: "Comparative Political Biography: Jayaprakash Narayan and Thomas Jefferson."
Publication: Biography
Volume: 6
Date: (1983)
Extent: 220-37.

Notes: Compares the two men as embodiments of world revolutionary ideals and finds a marked similarity in their proposals, doubts, fears, dilemmas, and styles. Somewhat facile generalizations limit the usefulness of the comparison.

Reference: 165
Author: Thompson, Peggy
Title: "Jefferson Trimmed the Bible to His Taste."
Publication: Smithsonian.
Volume: 14
Date: (September, 1983)
Extent: 139-45, 47-48.

Notes: Popular account of TJ's preparation of the Life and Morals of Jesus, noting the new Princeton edition (listed above).

Reference: 166
Author: Tucker, Spencer C.
Title: "Mr. Jefferson's Gunboat Navy."
Publication: American Neptune
Volume: 43
Date: (1983)
Extent: 135-41.

Notes: The shortcomings of TJ's gunboat policy stand out in view of the principles of seapower espoused by A. T. Mahan (and thus offer more evidence for the strength of Mahan's argument). Gunboats were plagued with problems, were not economical to build in terms of the numbers of cannon they made available, and were in proportion more expensive to maintain than the navy's frigates. Their poor showing in the War of 1812 was their undoing.

Reference: 167
Author: Welsh, Frank S.
Title: "Restoration of the Exterior Sanded Paint at Monticello."
Publication: APT Bulletin
Volume: 15 (#2)
Date: (1983)
Extent: 2-10.

Notes: Account of restoring the sand finish paint, made by dusting dry sand over a freshly painted surface so as to imitate the appearance of stone. The east and west portico columns were originally done this way, as were the east front rustication and the door and window frames within the portico.

Reference: 168
Author: Wetmore, Robert George
Title: "Seditious Libel Persecutions in 1806 in the Federal Court in Connecticut: United States v. Tapping Reeve and Companion Cases."
Publication: Connecticut Bar Journal
Volume: 57
Date: (1983)
Extent: 196-210.

Notes: Prosecutions of ardent Federalist Tapping Reeve for libeling TJ raises questions about TJ's genuine commitment to civil liberties. This will not be new to readers of Leonard Levy, but it is a good account of the Reeve case. TJ knew what was going on in Connecticut, but he apparently made no comment on it nor tried to stop it. Does not explain why he made no comment on the case.

Reference: 169
Author: Whitehead, John S.
Title: "Caught Between Two Worlds: Mr. Jefferson's University and the Literature of American Higher Education."
Publication: South Atlantic Quarterly
Volume: 82
Date: (1983)
Extent: 206-15.

Notes: Essay inspired by Virginius Dabney's Mr. Jefferson's University (1981), comparing it to other recent studies of institutions of higher learning. Where many of them go beyond the traditional parochialism of such works, this history seems still caught up in it in various ways. Given the significance of TJ's founding vision for the University, we might have hoped for a better, more thoughtful account of how his institution evolved.

Reference: 1183
Author: Anonymous
Title: Thomas Jefferson's Monticello
Publisher: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1983)
Extent: broadside, [4] p. : col. ill., col. map ; 23 x 20 cm. folded to 23 x 10 cm.

Notes: Accordion-fold broadside for visitors to Monticello has been reprinted in several revised version since mid-1920s.

Reference: 2227
Author: Fisher, George P.
Title: "Jefferson and the Social Compact Theory."
Publication: American Historical Association Annual Report for 1893
Date: (1983)
Extent: 165-77

Notes: Contends that TJ enunciates Lockean social compact theory in the Declaration but offers a much more radical, "almost anarchical" version in his later statements about the earth belonging to the living.

Reference: 170
Author: Bedini, Silvio A.
Title: Thomas Jefferson and His Copying Machines.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia,
Place of Publication: Charlottesville:
Date: (1984)
Extent: xvi, 239.

Notes: Thoroughly researched account of TJ's efforts to preserve copies of his letters and papers, first through use of a copy press, later by means of the polygraph. Discussion focuses on the latter device, including its earlier versions, and provides insight on TJ's relationship with Charles Willson Peale, the manufacturer of his polygraphs. Explains the drawbacks and continuing problems with the device and illumines TJ's efforts to encourage its use by others. Although copying machines might be considered one more minor "gadget" in TJ's gallery of useful contrivances, the author's solid scholarship is both entertaining and finally suggestive in several directions concerning TJ's production of writing.

Reference: 171
Author: Flores, Dan L.
Title: Jefferson and Southwestern Exploration: The Freeman & Custis Accounts of the Red River Expedition of 1806.
Publisher: University of Oklahoma Press,
Place of Publication: Norman:
Date: (1984)
Extent: xx, 386.

Notes: The editor's introduction ( 3-90) describes fully TJ's interest in exploring the southern parts of the Louisiana Purchase and his negotiations with William Dunbar and Thomas Freeman to bring this about. Discusses as well his interest in natural history and his difficulty in finding competent naturalists to record material in this region. Informative about responses of the Spanish authorities who defined the southern borders of the Louisiana territory rather differently and were nervous about the activities of Aaron Burr. The author describes the limited geographical knowledge concerning the head of the Red River and notes that the Americans generally assumed it rose somewhere near Santa Fe and could open direct trade with that Spanish possession. Describes the 1806 expedition to explore the Red River by arranging in chronological order material from the journal and reports of Freeman and Peter Custis (the expedition's naturalist). Thoroughly annotated; a major source for this aspect of TJ's interest in the West.

Reference: 172
Author: Greene, John C.
Title: American Science in the Age of Jefferson.
Publisher: Iowa State University Press,
Place of Publication: Ames, Iowa:
Date: (1984)
Extent: xiv, 484.

Notes: Provides a comprehensive account of the state of scientific work and thought in the early republic and, in the author's words, "gives considerable prominence to the ideas and activities of Thomas Jefferson, not because he was a great scientist, which he was not, but because he participated in one way or another in nearly every field of scientific inquiry, stimulating his compatriots with his ideas and researches and inspiring them with the knowledge that their efforts were appreciated at the highest level of government." Gives less focus on the coherence at the personal level of TJ's scientific interests than does the earlier study of Edwin T. Martin (3073) and less attention to the ideological context of the American scientific world than Daniel J. Boorstin (2144), but easily surpasses each with its well-researched and detailed account of American scientists and their activities. Fifteen chapters discuss major centers of scientific activity and then the status of astronomy, chemistry, geography, geology, botany, zoology and paleontology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and comparative linguistics and the problem of Indian origins.

Reference: 173
Author: Jayne, Allen, ed.
Title: The Religious and Moral Wisdom of Thomas Jefferson.
Publisher: Vantage Press,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1984)
Extent: xii, 219.

Notes: Extracts from TJ's writings without comment or notes. Insignificant for scholarly purposes.

Reference: 174
Author: Kane, Jeffrey
Title: In Fear of Freedom: Public Education and Democracy in America.
Publisher: Myrin Institute,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1984)
Extent: 47.

Notes: Contends that since 1826 America has abandoned TJ's "faith in the individual's right and ability to enlighten himself," with schools shifting first to attempting to inculcate a common moral viewpoint, then to instill essential values for citizenship in a democracy. At the same time, he argues, schools have increasingly passed from the control of parents to "government and educational reformers." TJ's wall of separation doctrine supposedly would bar a state role in education since "education is primarily a spiritual-intellectual process" and thus falls on the church side of the wall. Claims public funds should be available to private schools and state-imposed guidelines and mandates should be removed from public schools. Dubious propositions, reifications, partial history, and faulty logic mar the argument here.

Reference: 175
Author: Libiszowska, Zofia
Title: Tomasz Jefferson.
Publisher: Zaklad Narodowy Imienia Ossolinskich-wydawnictwo,
Place of Publication: Wroclaw [Poland]:
Date: (1984)
Extent: 305.

Notes: In Polish.

Reference: 176
Author: Matthews, Richard K.
Title: The Radical Politics of Thomas Jefferson: A Revisionist View.
Publisher: University Press of Kansas,
Place of Publication: Lawrence:
Date: (1984)
Extent: ix, 171.

Notes: Contends that TJ has been more misrepresented or misunderstood than any other founding father. Both conflict historians such as Beard and consensus historians such as Hartz see him as the prophet of a liberal future, based in Locke and exemplified by a triumphant capitalism. On the other hand ideological historians such as Bailyn and Pocock by emphasizing the influence of the whig, republican tradition portray a TJ defined by a nostalgic desire for an Edenic past. The picture of TJ is further clouded by a tendency among many writers to confuse Jefferson and "Jeffersonian" idea systems, and Matthews particularly emphasizes the need to disengage TJ from Madison, who stands ideologically closer to Hamilton in his view. Looks at TJ's notions of property, human nature, and personal ends in order to argue for a figure whose humanism, communitarian anarchism, and radical democracy "stand as an alternative to the market liberalism of the past and present." Uses insights from Hannah Arendt and C. B. Macpherson in order to contend that TJ "not only presents a radical critique of American market society but also provides an image for ... a consciously made, legitimately democratic future." Somewhat overstates the case for TJ's radicalism, but nonetheless a thoughtful monograph and a useful corrective to the tendency to try to normalize TJ as a genial liberal.

Reference: 177
Author: Pechatnov, Vladimir Olegovich
Title: Gamilton i Dzhefferson.
Publisher: Mezhdunarodnie Otnosheniia,
Place of Publication: Moskva:
Date: (1984)
Extent: 336.

Notes: Examines the lives of two political founders of the United States and discusses their impact on the emerging political institutions of the bourgeois republic. In Russian.

Reference: 178
Author: Rusinowa, Izabella
Title: Jefferson a Poczatki Amerykanskiego Systemu Partyjnego (Lata 1790-1800).
Publisher: Wydawnictwa Universytetu Warszawskiego,
Place of Publication: Warszawa:
Date: (1984)
Extent: 271.

Notes: In Polish; summary in English. Argues for party formation out of the rivalry between provincial elites oriented toward trade and industry on the one hand and agricultural (particularly Southern) interests on the other. Categorizes TJ rather too easily as an agrarian republican and contends in too simplistic and presentistic a manner that the party system and party mechanisms of today have essentially been in place since the end of the eighteenth century. Sees TJ as an ideological and party leader, perhaps more than he actually was. Argues that his goal in the 1790's was to create a strong, well-organized permanent opposition; this work may have more relevance to the Poland of the 1980's than to the United States of the 1790's. The comparison, although allowed to remain merely implicit, is interesting.

Reference: 179
Author: Sanford, Charles B.
Title: The Religious Life of Thomas Jefferson.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia,
Place of Publication: Charlottesville:
Date: (1984)
Extent: 246.

Notes: Focuses on TJ's religious ideas, seeking to project a vision of him as, in the terms of the initial chapter, a "religious person." Attempts to discover a TJ safe for a Christianity more conventional than his own, one in which belief and faith are more important than reason and principle and in which TJ, "when he was not being unduly influenced by his Enlightenment authors," recognized "higher concepts of God." Chapters on TJ's Bibles are written without benefit of consulting Dickinson W. Adams's work and before the publication of the Papers edition of Extracts from the Gospels , and they are consequently dated. The fullest attempt to deal with a significant theme in TJ's life and thought, sometimes suggestive but ultimately disappointing.

Reference: 180
Author: Stewart, Alva W. and Susan J. Stewart
Title: Thomas Jefferson: His Architectural Contributions to Monticello and the University of Virginia.
Publisher: Vance Bibliographies,
Place of Publication: Monticello, IL:
Date: (1984)
Extent: 12.

Notes: A checklist which is neither particularly well thought out nor well presented. Not useful.

Reference: 181
Author: Stimson, Shannon C.
Title: "Judgment and the Concept of Judicial Space: Theoretical Foundations of American Jurisprudence." Ph.D. dissertation. Harvard University,
Publication: DAI; 3738-A.
Volume: 45
Date: (1984)
Date: (1985)
Extent: 283.

Notes: Argues that differing court practices and essentially different conceptions of sovereignty and the nature of law separate English and American conceptions of jurisprudence. Concerned with particular and differing conceptions of reason and will, and of law and government, offered by John Adams, TJ, and Alexander Hamilton, political thinkers whose writings contributed not only to the formulation of the Constitution but also, unavoidably, to later understandings of it.

Reference: 182
Author: Appleby, Joyce
Title: "Jefferson: A Political Reappraisal."
Publication: Democracy
Volume: 3
Date: (Fall, 1984)
Extent: 139-45.

Notes: Claimed by right and left, TJ stands not so much for democracy as for freedom understood as liberation from all social authority. He "wrote the last will and testament" for the founding fathers, and his bequests have generated the conflicts among us, his heirs. Central for understanding TJ is his trust in man to be able to take care of himself, and his distrust of authority generated the "paradox of a passionately committed president working to divest the presidency of national relevance."

Reference: 183
Author: Ashworth, John
Title: "The Jeffersonians: Classical Republicans or Liberal Capitalists?"
Publication: Journal of American Studies
Volume: 18
Date: (1984)
Extent: 425-35.

Notes: Review essay of Joyce Appleby's Capitalism and a New Social Order (1984) weighing its argument for the liberal and capitalist orientation of the Jeffersonians against the views of scholars such as Lance Banning who emphasize the debt they owe to classical republican ideology. Makes an essential point often overlooked in these efforts at ideological definition, "We need to know how typical a Jeffersonian Jefferson was." Finds that over various issues such as virtue, equality, commerce, and capitalism, the labels often do not stick when applied so as to discriminate between (among) Jeffersonians and Federalists.

Reference: 184
Author: Bedini, Silvio A.
Title: "The Scientific Instruments of the Lewis and Clark Expedition."
Publication: Great Plains Quarterly
Volume: 4
Date: (1984)
Extent: 54-69.

Notes: Informative account of the instruments used on the Lewis and Clark expedition. TJ had definite opinions about the scientific data to be collected and the instruments to be used. He made his library and instruments available to Lewis for his instruction in their use, and he consulted with numerous scientific experts for advice on the expedition's scientific program. Lewis selected the actual instruments which are now dispersed and lost. Discusses use of various instruments. Illustrated with photographs of similar period scientific instruments.

Reference: 185
Author: Blau, Joseph L.
Title: "The Wall of Separation."
Publication: Union Seminary Quarterly Review
Volume: 38
Date: (1984)
Extent: 263-88.

Notes: Examines how American opinion on church-state relations shifted from Roger Williams's tolerationist position to TJ's advocacy of full religious freedom. TJ's position necessitates a separation of church and state, which should be maintained against threats in our day.

Reference: 186
Author: Bolick, Charles H.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson: A Great American's Life and Ideas."
Publication: G/C/T
Volume: 35
Date: (November/December, 1984)
Extent: 31-34.

Notes: Presents an instructional unit in which academically gifted students analyze the contributions of TJ to American society. Suggests various instructional strategies such as a background assignment, study activities, discussion questions based on a text, culminating activities, and differentiated activities. Lists filmstrips and other resources.

Reference: 187
Author: Boller, Paul F., Jr.
Title: "1800--Republican Takeover: Jefferson's Revolution"

Title: "1804--Jefferson's Landslide"
Publication: Presidential Campaigns
Publisher: Oxford University Press,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1984)
Extent: 10-21.

Notes: Brief accounts, with anecdotes.

Reference: 188
Author: Bryan, John M.
Title: "Robert Mills, Benjamin Henry Latrobe, Thomas Jefferson and the South Carolina Penitentiary Project, 1806-1808."
Publication: South Carolina Historical Magazine
Volume: 85
Date: (1984)
Extent: 1-21.

Notes: Mills sought TJ's support for his plans for a proposed South Carolina penitentiary. Focus on Mills's plans excludes any real discussion of relations with TJ. Peripheral.

Reference: 189
Author: Crader, Diana C.
Title: "The Zooarchaeology of the Storehouse and the Dry Well at Monticello."
Publication: American Antiquity
Volume: 49
Date: (1984)
Extent: 542-58.

Notes: Discusses 1981 excavations on Mulberry Row, particularly the fragments of animal bones found outside the doorway of a building used originally to store nail rod but later apparently for human occupation and the contents of a dry well or deep cellar dug near the original kitchen yard. The first gives some evidence of the contents of the slaves diet and the latter of that of the main house. Pig, cow, and sheep remains were at both sites, but the dry well had more remains from younger animals and bones associated with meatier cuts such as roasts. Bones at the storehouse were more fragmented, suggesting use of meat in stews, etc. , and dry well bones were more likely to show burn marks suggesting roasting or grilling. Pig remains were the most common type at each site, but sheep remains were considerably more common in the dry well than at the storehouse site. Evidence also points to the use of somewhat older animals at the storehouse site.

Reference: 190
Author: Cunningham, Noble E.
Title: "Jeffersonian Democracy"
Publication: Encyclopedia of American Political History, ed. Jack P. Greene.
Publisher: Scribners,
Volume: Vol. II
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1984)
Extent: 672-79.

Notes: Discusses the broadening of the concept of republicanism to embrace the principles of democracy during the course of TJ's lifetime. Argues that Jeffersonian democracy was no simple set of objective principles but an "operative creed worked out in the political arena." As president TJ's refashioning of presidential style set the tone for Jeffersonian democracy by reducing the ceremonial role of the presidency as initiated by Washington and continued by John Adams. Notes TJ's substitution of a written message to Congress in place of the annual address of his predecessors, his preference for small dinners over levees or formal receptions, and his rejection of formal rules of diplomatic etiquette, all of which tended to open the possibilities of the republic to the ordinary citizen.

Reference: 191
Author: Cunningham, Noble E.
Title: "The Legacy of Julian Boyd."
Publication: South Atlantic Quarterly
Volume: 83
Date: (1984)
Extent: 340-44.

Notes: Assesses Boyd's editorship of the first 20 volumes of The Papers of Thomas Jefferson as a major contribution to Jeffersonian scholarship. The first 6 volumes set new standards of accuracy and annotation for editing historical documents, but in later volumes Boyd in effect became the victim of his own success. He tried to do too much himself, did not build up a staff of associate editors, and allowed the extended editorial notes to expand greatly in length and scope. This slowed the production of volumes, with perhaps dangerous consequences in a time of lessening governmental support for such projects, but at their best Boyd's notes reveal new material and information resulting from his careful scholarship.

Reference: 192
Author: DeGregorio, William A.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson"
Publication: The Complete Book of U. S. Presidents
Publisher: Dembner Books,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1984)
Extent: 36-53.

Notes: Sketch, covering the usual points about TJ's life and career; nothing new.

Reference: 193
Author: Druse, Ken
Title: "Bringing Thomas Jefferson's Garden Back to Life."
Publication: House Beautiful
Volume: 126
Date: (February, 1984)
Extent: 82-85, 125-26.

Notes: Brief, illustrated account of the restoration of the Monticello gardens and the grove.

Reference: 194
Author: Ferguson, Robert A.
Title: "Mysterious Obligation: Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia"
Publication: Law and Letters in American Culture
Publisher: Harvard University Press,
Place of Publication: Cambridge:
Date: (1984)
Extent: 34-58.

Notes: Rejecting descriptions of Notes as haphazard or unstructured, the author claims that TJ asserted his control over personal difficulties and national uncertainties by submerging them in a developmental sense of country. The legal philosophy of the Enlightenment from Grotius through Blackstone valued incremental structures of knowledge which gave TJ a structural and discursive model. Grotius's insistence upon separating discussion of instituted or positive law from treatment of natural law, accepted as a central premise in important works by Pufendorf and Burlamaqui, guided TJ's rearrangement and restructuring of Marbois's original set of queries. Behind the division between natural phenomena and social events lies a confidence in the power of natural law to provide a unifying context, and, in turn, behind this confidence in the ordering power of law lurk TJ's profound anxieties which are the "prevailing mood" of the text. Claims that TJ more than any other American in his generation insured "that a conception of higher law would dominate political discourse." The best essay on the imaginative consequences of TJ's legal knowledge.

Reference: 195
Author: Filippi, Mario
Title: "Jefferson y la Expansion de los EEEU."
Publisher: Historia y Vida [Spain].
Volume: 17
Date: (September, 1984)
Extent: 109-25.

Notes: Describes the westward development of the United States from settlement of the first English colonies. Portrays TJ as a central figure in encouraging U. S. expansion into the territory it now occupies. For a popular audience.

Reference: 196
Author: Fitch, James Marston
Title: "The Lawn: America's Greatest Architectural Achievement."
Publication: American Heritage
Volume: 35
Date: (June/July, 1984)
Extent: 49-64.

Notes: Discusses TJ's architectural plans for the University of Virginia; TJ viewed architecture as both utilitarian and as a civilizing force. Well-illustrated, including frontal photographs of each of the ten pavilions.

Reference: 197
Author: Anonymous
Title: "Funds Sought for Restoration of Jefferson's Country Retreat."
Publication: Architecture
Volume: 73
Date: (December, 1984)
Extent: 16.

Notes: Very brief account of Poplar Forest and the campaign by the non-profit Corporation for Jefferson's Poplar Forest to restore it.

Reference: 198
Author: Gilreath, James
Title: "Sowerby Revirescent and Revised."
Publication: Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America
Volume: 78
Date: (1984)
Extent: 219-32.

Notes: Review essay describes how E. Millicent Sowerby did her Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson and notes the impact on subsequent scholarship about TJ. Its reprinting presents again a major achievement, but also reminds us of its faults: its confusing organization of a "cacophony of information," inconsistency of description, and inaccurate descriptions which sometimes even present non-existent editions as their basis. (In some cases, if she did not have access to an edition she would use a nearly contemporary, but different, edition as a basis for describing what she had not seen. ) Valuable as her work is, individual entries need to be treated with care. Good on the background of Sowerby's project; a fuller treatment of the problems is offered by Douglas Wilson's 1984 essay, noted below.

Reference: 199
Author: Ginsberg, Robert
Title: "Suppose That Jefferson's Rough Draft of the Declaration Is a Work of Political Philosophy."
Publication: Eighteenth-Century Theory and Interpretation
Volume: 25
Date: (1984)
Extent: 25-43.

Notes: Contends that the Rough Draft can be read as a work of philosophic thinking that shows how equality may be the foundation of rights. The Rough Draft is a work in process, emerging out of manuscript notes towards the version TJ shared with his fellow committee members and eventually becoming the official version accepted by Congress. While the Rough Draft provides an egalitarian concept of revolution, of polity, and of world order, the egalitarianism slips away in the last version of the draft as well as in the official version. Suggestive passages, uneven argument.

Reference: 200
Author: Greene, Bert
Title: "Jefferson the Great Gastronome."
Publication: Cuisine
Volume: 13
Date: (March, 1984)
Extent: 36-41, 64-72.

Notes: Informative account of TJ's interest in food, written for a popular audience but well researched. With recipes adapted for modern kitchens.

Reference: 201
Author: Hall, Timothy D.
Title: "Rutherford, Locke, and the Declaration."
Publication: Th.M. thesis. Dallas Theological Seminary
Date: (1984)

Notes: Not seen.

Reference: 202
Author: Hamowy, Ronald
Title: "Declaration of Independence"
Publication: Encyclopedia of American Political History, ed. Jack P. Greene.
Publisher: Scribners,
Volume: Vol.I
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1984)
Extent: 455-65.

Notes: Reviews leading interpretations of the Declaration and contends that TJ, strongly influenced by Locke, wedded the doctrine of natural rights to the notion of government founded on consent of the people. But if governmental authority rests on the consent of the people, it is circumscribed, in TJ's opinion, by the inalienable rights of natural law. Argues that a number of misinterpretations of the Declaration have arisen from the misconception that TJ understood the rights he enumerated as impelling others to positive action rather than as negatively conceived restrictions on how men might act toward one another. Informative and thought-provoking.

Reference: 203
Author: Hatch, Peter
Title: "Thomas Jefferson as Gardener."
Publication: Plants and Gardens. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record
Volume: 39
Date: (March, 1984)
Extent: 3-7.

Notes: Reprint of article from Flower and Garden (1983), described above.

Reference: 204
Author: Healey, Robert M.
Title: "Jefferson on Judaism and the Jews: `Divided We Stand, United, We Fall!'."
Publication: American Jewish History
Volume: 73
Date: (1984)
Extent: 359-374.

Notes: An authoritative account organized under four headings: TJ's politics concerning religious minorities, his personal relationships with individual Jews, his assessment of Judaism as religious doctrine, and his version of the gospel accounts of Jesus. TJ throughout his life advocated religious freedom for members of all faiths, including the Jews, but while he was ready to appoint Jews to public office, none were included in his closest circle of friends with whom he felt free to discuss topics such as religion. In common with other Enlightenment rationalists, he thought Judaism not significantly changed since the time of Moses and full of corruptions and meaningless ritual. He also thought it was ethically deficient and practically ignored the existence of an afterlife. He saw Jesus as a moral teacher who could have reformed the corruptions of Judaism, but he did not recognize the extent to which Jesus's reforms were rooted in the Judaic prophetic tradition. He saw the death of Jesus as an historical tragedy, but because he did not accept the concept of inherited guilt, he refused to blame Jews for "deicide." For all these reasons he welcomed the appearance of Isaac Harby's 1826 discourse in favor of reformed Judaism.

Reference: 205
Author: Healy, Diana Dixon
Title: "Thomas Jefferson: The Leader of the Opposition"
Publication: America's Vice-Presidents
Publisher: Atheneum,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1984)
Extent: 9-14.

Notes: Sketch; nothing new.

Reference: 206
Author: Hickey, Donald R.
Title: "Timothy Pickering and the Haitian Slave Revolt: A Letter to Thomas Jefferson."
Publication: Essex Institute Historical Collections
Volume: 120
Date: (1984)
Extent: 149-163.

Notes: After 1801 TJ's administration reversed the tacitly pro-Haitian policies of previous years, and in 1806 Congress voted to end all trade with Haiti. Pickering's letter (printed here) pled with TJ to reject this move, but it was a predictably tactless and self-righteous performance that undercut his good intentions. Focus on Pickering, not TJ.

Reference: 207
Author: Hook, Sidney
Title: "Education in Defense of a Free Society."
Publication: Commentary
Volume: 78
Date: (July, 1984)
Extent: 17-22.

Notes: Sees the emphasis on self-government as the most profound feature of TJ's political philosophy. This means a government based on freely given, uncoerced assent, recognition of the right to dissent, and observation of the principle of majority rule. TJ's restraint on possible errors of the majority is an educated citizenry, although we seem to have lost much of his faith in the people. Asks how we can devise an educational system to strengthen a self-governing society, and concludes that neither science nor the humanities alone are sufficient, although the humanities, "primarily the disciplines of language and literature, history, art and philosophy," should be central to such an endeavor. Contends that we need a National Endowment for Democracy at home to encourage "honest inquiry into the functioning of a democratic community" as envisioned by TJ. The Jefferson lecture for 1984.

Reference: 208
Author: Kalckhoff, Andreas
Title: "`Liebergefährliche freiheit als sichere knechtschaft.' Thomas Jefferson, der präsident der USA 1801 bis 1809."
Publication: Das Geschictsmagazin
Volume: 16
Place of Publication: Damals
Date: (1984)
Extent: 922-42.

Notes: Biographical sketch covering the years from 1781 to 1826. Conventional.

Reference: 209
Author: Ketcham, Ralph
Title: "Thomas Jefferson" and "Jefferson, Franklin and the Commonness of Virtue"
Publication: Presidents Above Party: The First American Presidency, 1789-1829
Publisher: University of North Carolina Press,
Place of Publication: Chapel Hill:
Date: (1984)
Extent: 100-12, 167-87.

Notes: In the context of a larger argument that the first six presidents of the U. S. shared the traditional suspicion of political parties, thinking of them as "faction," shows the forceful influence of the Augustan Tory opponents of Walpole, particularly Pope, Swift, and Bolingbroke. Shows the overlap and the differences between this ideology and that of Trenchard and Gordon and the "True Whigs," and is thus able to cut through some of the debates about whether TJ is a proto-liberal, a Country Party thinker, or the last heir of civic humanism. Makes particular sense of TJ's response to Bolingbroke, and the complex underpinnings of his notions of leadership in a republic. Does not propose any radical new interpretations of the republican ideology which was widely shared in the early republic, but clarifies and makes sense of competing explanations in an admirable way.

Reference: 210
Author: Lecoat, Gerard
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the Architecture of Immortality."
Publication: Laurels
Volume: 55
Date: (Spring 1984)
Extent: 41-54.

Notes: Compares French and American attitudes circa 1791 with respect to great men and memorializing them as immortals, and contrasts TJ's "places of remembrance" with French ideas. Americans praised military men of action, Roman virtue, a practice curiously consistent with the English aristocratic ideal; French of the revolutionary era were suspicious of military adventurers and glorified philosophers, theorists, and thinkers. Like the Pantheon of Paris, "the Rotunda is clearly dedicated to immortality.... on the upper level of the Rotunda, the Great Architect, God of the enlightened, witnesses a new offering [i.e. the library] made to Him, that of collective memory and history." The Roman model and the Palladian heritage behind the Rotunda reinforced the notion of the imago mundi . TJ's design of his own Burying Place shows that he looked beyond the Pantheon for models of memorial expression.

Reference: 211
Author: McClaughey, John
Title: "Let's Get Back to Tom Jefferson."
Publication: Conservative Digest
Volume: 10
Date: (April, 1984)
Extent: 16.

Notes: Individual liberty, sound money, decentralized government, and America as a beacon to the world.

Reference: 212
Author: McLaughlin, William G.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the Rise of Cherokee Nationalism, 1806-1809"
Publication: Cherokee Ghost Dance: Essays on the Southeastern Indians 1789-1861
Publisher: Mercer University Press,
Place of Publication: [Macon?]:
Date: (1984)
Extent: 73-110.

Notes: Reprints essay originally published in 1975, see TJCAB # 1802.

Reference: 213
Author: Miller, Jeremy M.
Title: "A Critique of the Reynolds Decision."
Publication: Western State University Law Review
Volume: 11
Date: (1984)
Extent: 165-98.

Notes: Claims TJ's wall of separation was intended to protect free exercise of religion from harm and uses it to argue that the Supreme Court erred in 1878 when it denied Reynolds's claim that polygamy was protected religious exercise for a Mormon. Peripheral.

Reference: 214
Author: Miller, Naomi
Title: "A Thoroughly Rational Residence."
Publication: Times Literary Supplement
Date: (August 17, 1984)
Extent: 922.

Notes: Discusses TJ's construction of Monticello; a brief review essay occasioned by William H. Adams's Jefferson's Monticello (1983).

Reference: 215
Author: Nelson, Robin
Title: "Great Home Ideas from a Presidential Do-it-yourselfer."
Publication: Mechanix Illustrated
Volume: 80
Date: (July, 1984)
Extent: 35-37.

Notes: TJ's gadgets, with diagrams showing handypersons how the French doors, collapsible ladder, and serving door worked.

Reference: 216
Author: Noll, Mark
Title: "When `Infidels' Run for Office."
Publication: Christianity Today
Volume: 28
Date: (October 5, 1984)
Extent: 20-25.

Notes: Examines the election of 1800 and the clerical attacks on TJ as an example of misdirected religious zeal, but recognizes the legitimacy of a Christian involvement in public life.

Reference: 217
Author: Poch, Robert
Title: "Jefferson's Virginia Legacy: An Architectural Influence in the Old Dominion."
Publication: Virginia Cavalcade
Volume: 34
Date: (no. 2, 1984)
Extent: 76-89.

Notes: Illustrated account of TJ's architectural interests and work. Standard except for brief discussions of Edgemont, similar to Poplar Forest, and Barboursville and the wing at Farmington which show resemblances to Monticello.

Reference: 218
Author: Quinby, Rowena Lee
Title: "The Moral-Aesthetic Essay in America." Ph.D. dissertation. Purdue University,
Publication: DAI 2529-A.
Volume: 45
Date: (1984)
Extent: 275.

Notes: Defines the moral-aesthetic essay as a work with an overt incitement to moral action and an explicit focus on the relations between beauty, art, and morality; morality and aesthetics become mutually constitutive. Includes a discussion of TJ's writings leading to the claim that they provide a grammar of Moral-Aesthetic discourse. Also discusses Edwards, Margaret Fuller, Thoreau, Henry Adams, and James Agee. See essay by same author in 1982, noted above.

Reference: 219
Author: Reeb, Richard H., Jr.
Title: "Through a Text Faintly: The Declaration of Independence as Seen by Current Political Science."
Publication: Journal of the Association for the Improvement of Community College Teaching
Volume: 1
Date: (Spring-Summer, 1984)
Extent: 57-63.

Notes: The Declaration is not generally taken very seriously by the authors of college textbooks in American government, and the author thinks this cuts students off from the revolutionary roots of their republican regime and undercuts the legitimacy of all movements for equality, liberty, and government by consent of the governed. Examines treatments given to the Declaration by leading textbooks which range from those which give it an early significant mention but then drop it for the rest of the book to those seek to diminish both its status and its principles, arguing that TJ as a slaveholder never had any intention of putting equality and liberty into practice in the United States. Students taught by such books too easily come to the conclusion that the U. S. is based "on convenient and useful fictions or myths" which are "a matter of ultimate indifference to the social scientist."

Reference: 220
Author: Richardson, Robert D., Jr.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826). Dictionary of Literary Biography, American Colonial Writers, 1735-1781, ed. Emory Elliott.
Publisher: Gale Research Company,
Volume: vol. 31,
Place of Publication: Detroit:
Date: (1984)
Extent: 136-49.

Notes: Biographical essay which is particularly attentive to TJ's literary activities. Offers a balanced and thorough view, but emphasizes more than many accounts TJ's involvement with skeptical traditions of thought and circles of skeptical thinkers. Contends that "On balance, the Notes on the State of Virginia is the most remarkable book of its kind between Bradford's Of Plimmoth Plantation and Thoreau's Walden ."

Reference: 221
Author: Richardson, William D.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson & Race: The Declaration and Notes on the State of Virginia."
Publication: Polity
Volume: 16
Date: (1984)
Extent: 447-66.

Notes: Argues that TJ believed that blacks were equal to all other men in terms of rights but that he did not hold that they should necessarily be enabled to become equal partners in the same polity with whites. Points to the Rough Draft of the Declaration where slaves are pointedly referred to as MEN (TJ's caps) and to Notes where the claims of the moral equality of blacks and whites are posited against discussion of physical differences, primarily color, which raise political arguments against a political community containing both blacks and whites.

Reference: 222
Author: Scharnhorst, Gary
Title: "The Virginian as Founding Father."
Publication: Arizona Quarterly
Volume: 40
Date: (1984)
Extent: 227-41.

Notes: Contends that the title character of Owen Wister's The Virginian is based on the figures of George Washington and TJ. Describes the Virginian as "Jefferson in chaps and spurs" for his belief in natural rights, in agrarianism, and in egalitarianism. Supports the argument with discussion of Wister's avowed interest in and knowledge of both TJ and Washington.

Reference: 223
Author: Shawen, Neil McDowell
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and a `National' University: The Hidden Agenda for Virginia."
Publication: Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
Volume: 92
Date: (1984)
Extent: 309-35.

Notes: Examines TJ's support or lack of it for various educational proposals and contends that he was only temporarily attracted to the concept of a national university and then only when it served other, private purposes. Claims that following his failure to reform William and Mary, TJ had a consistent hidden agenda to erect a first rate university in central Virginia, preferably close to Charlottesville. Because of its location, among other reasons, he was lukewarm at best in support of Quesnay's proposed school at Richmond but he was willing to try to persuade Washington to support a national university in the capitol if it would make possible the transplantation of the University of Geneva. He was not enthusiastic about later proposals for a national university such as Du Pont's or Joel Barlow's.

Reference: 224
Author: Shklar, Judith N.
Title: "The Renaissance American: Thomas Jefferson's Dreams and Disappointments."
Publication: New Republic
Volume: 191
Date: (November 5, 1984)
Extent: 29-35.

Notes: Analyzes TJ's character in terms of his epitaph. His stands against intolerance, ignorance, persecution, despotism and the suffering they bring should still matter to us. But his indifference to or ignorance of the uneducated, the enslaved, or the racial other we cannot accept. Yet, he is an icon as "the man who put human rights on the map forever."

Reference: 225
Author: Simpson, Lewis P.
Title: "The Ferocity of Self: History and Consciousness in Southern Literature."
Publication: South Central Review
Volume: 1
Date: (Spring-Summer, 1984)
Extent: 67-84.

Notes: Contends that "the essential motive of southern writers" has been their explicit or implicit recognition of their relationship to an Old South that was centered on the self rather than on family. Discusses Allen Tate's attempt to dissociate TJ from the southern tradition and Robert Penn Warren's more perceptive understanding of TJ's vision of the slave society of the South as a culture of the self. Centers on a consideration of TJ's "great poetic statement about self and slavery" in Query XVII of Notes . Claims that TJ's analysis of the master-slave relationship in Notes anticipates the analysis in Hegel's Phenomenology of Mind (1807). TJ seems to suggest that the rational, secular, historical self can only realize its will through violence, and he perhaps recognizes that the slave is both an other and opposing self even as he is yet part of the master's self. Thus "the eighteenth Query ... is an ominous gloss on the Declaration of Independence" which calls into question the very possibility of the self as an independent entity. TJ as a proto-Hegelian might be a reach, but a stimulating, suggestive argument.

Reference: 226
Author: Skillen, James W.
Title: "The Republican Vision of Thomas Jefferson"
Publication: America, Christian or Secular, ed. Jerry S. Herbert.
Publisher: Multnomah Press,
Place of Publication: Portland, Oregon:
Date: (1984)
Extent: 147-65.

Notes: Describes TJ's beliefs as a rationalist monism, " a single philosophy of personal life and politics as an integral religious totality," whereas genuinely Christian groups retained a dualistic perspective: their own particular religious perspective for their private lives and a TJ-style rationalism for their public lives. Denominationalism with its identification of religion with diverse groups supported TJ's moral philosophy as an all-embracing secular political instrument.

Reference: 227
Author: Swindler, William F.
Title: "Seditious Aliens and Native Seditionists."
Publication: Yearbook 1984. Supreme Court Historical Society
Date: (1984)
Extent: 12-19.

Notes: Account of the Alien and Sedition Law prosecutions and TJ's protest in the form of the Kentucky Resolutions. Nothing particularly new.

Reference: 228
Author: Tucker, David
Title: "Jefferson and the Practice of Empire"
Publication: Natural Right and Political Right: Essays in Honor of Harry V. Jaffa, ed. Thomas B. Silver and Peter W. Schramm.
Publisher: Carolina Academic Press,
Place of Publication: Durham NC:
Date: (1984)
Extent: 27-43.

Notes: TJ's vision for a post-war U. S. aimed at happiness and good government within a context of national security. Portrays intrigues and maneuvers of British and French which threatened that security; TJ's carefully thought-out vision of an American empire was an act of national self-preservation. Ordinary.

Reference: 229
Author: Wamsley, James S.
Title: "At Home with Tom Jefferson."
Publication: Reader's Digest
Volume: 125
Date: (August, 1984)
Extent: 161-62.

Notes: Condensation of the next item.

Reference: 230
Author: Wamsley, James S.
Title: "Digging for Jefferson."
Publication: GEO
Volume: 6
Date: (April, 1984)
Extent: 82-91, 122.

Notes: TJ's life at Monticello and the archaeological efforts going on under the direction of William Kelso to recover it. Illustrated.

Reference: 231
Author: Weatherman, Donald V.
Title: "Civic Education: A Dying Art?"
Publication: Improving College and University Teaching
Volume: 32
Date: (Winter, 1984)
Extent: 31-34.

Notes: A successful civic education program educates citizens in the basic principles and precepts of the American political system and keeps them informed on specific issues and controversies. Both TJ and Lincoln thought that civic education should address basic principles as well as specific issues. Reprinted in Social Studies 75 (May-June, 1984), 129-32.

Reference: 232
Author: Williams, Richard L.
Title: "Atop a `little mountain' in Virginia, Jefferson cultivated his botanical bent."
Publication: Smithsonian
Volume: 15
Date: (July 1984)
Extent: 68-77.

Notes: Describes the variety of TJ's gardening interests and the continuing work of the staff of the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation to restore the grounds of Monticello.

Reference: 233
Author: Wilson, Douglas L.
Title: "Sowerby Revisited: The Unfinished Catalogue of Thomas Jefferson's Library."
Publication: William and Mary Quarterly
Volume: 41
Date: (1984)
Extent: 615-28.

Notes: Review essay occasioned by the reprinted edition of Sowerby's Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson . Gives full credit to the magnitude and usefulness of Sowerby's work but discusses some problems and limitations pertaining to it, not all of them her responsibility. The author notes that not all of the books TJ is known to have possessed are included and that the treatment of the 1783 manuscript catalogue of the library is "unfortunate," particularly in regard to the effort to reestablish TJ's original arrangement of books within the chapters of the 1815 catalogue. Important essay for anyone using the Sowerby Catalogue

Reference: 646
Author: Battle, John D., Jr.
Title: "The 'periodical head achs' of Thomas Jefferson,"
Publication: Cleveland Clinic Quarterly
Volume: 51
Date: (1984)
Extent: 531-39.

Notes: Argues that TJ's headaches were more likely of the nervous tension variety than of the classic migraine type.

Reference: 654
Author: Cullen, Charles T.
Title: "The Word Processor and Scholarly Editions," in
Publication: A Grin on the Interface: Word Processing for the Academic Humanist, ed. Alan T. McKenzie.
Publisher: Modern Language Association
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1984)
Extent: 39-48.

Notes: On use of word processing programs in editing scholarly texts, specifically in the Papers of Thomas Jefferson project. Similar to the 1982 essay cited in TJ, 1981-1990 , #83.

Reference: 656
Author: Diggins, John Patrick
Title: "Who's Afraid of John Locke?" in
Publication: The Lost Soul of American Politics
Publisher: Basic Books,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1984)
Extent: 18-47.

Notes: Discusses relationships among the concepts of virtue, liberty, and equality in the political thought of the Revolution and Constitution periods, with partcular attention to TJ. Contends that TJ's attempt to establish an ethical assumption like equality upon a scientific foundation of observed nature was a major failure because of the actual data of nature. The claim for equality was forever frustrated, and the doctrine of equality did not necessarily lead to the end of slavery. Nature has no important role in classical political thought nor in that of the Scottish enlightenment, but it is a source of value for TJ, Emerson, and John Dewey. Lincoln was the real apostle of freedom, not TJ, because his thinking was informed by the traditions of Protestant Christianity. TJ saw slavery as a "blot," Lincoln as a "sin." TJ saw it as something a good nature would take care of; Lincoln recognized the need for responsible political action to remove it. A stimulating first chapter in a larger critique of liberalism.

Reference: 688
Author: Ragsdale, Jack S.
Title: "What Did Thomas Jefferson Mean by "I have not yet lost a tooth by age"?
Publication: Journal of the American Dental Association
Volume: 108
Date: (April, 1984)
Extent: 643-44.

Notes: TJ had more dental problems than his boast to Dr. Vine Utley would suggest. His account books record payments to dentists as early as 1772, and he had a tooth extracted by Thomas Bruff in November 1808. He seemed to distinguish between losing a tooth because of age and from other causes. Argues that TJ was a believer in preventive dentistry, although this would hardly seem to be true in the modern sense of the term.

Reference: 234
Author: Bedini, Silvio A.
Title: Thomas Jefferson and American Vertebrate Paleontology.
Publisher: Commonwealth of Virginia,
Place of Publication: Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 61. Charlottesville:
Date: (1985)
Extent: [vi], 26.

Notes: If TJ was not the first American to collect and study vertebrate paleontological remains, he was more than any other American responsible for popularizing the subject and for preserving many fossil specimens. His interest developed as he began preparing the manuscript of Notes on the State of Virginia , and over the next three decades he expended considerable time, effort, and financial expense in pursuing new finds. An authoritative account, describing his interest in the finds at Big Bone Lick and elsewhere, the megalonyx, and his support of the American Philosophical Society's collection. Illustrated.

Reference: 235
Author: Crackel, Theodore Joseph
Title: "Mr. Jefferson's Army: Political Reform of the Military Establishment, 1801-1809." Ph.D. dissertation. Rutgers University,
Publication: DAI 288-A.
Volume: 47
Date: (1985)
Date: (1986)
Extent: 306.

Notes: Argues that TJ did not ignore the regular military establishment but undertook a political reform of it in order to insure its loyalty to the new regime, for which he had ample reason for concern. Recognizing the necessity for regular forces, he aimed to Republicanize the army by appointing Republican officers at every opportunity, by winning over moderate Federalists, and ultimately by expanding the force and adding new Republican officers. The creation of a military academy was a means to train poorly prepared but politically correct young men, and the 1808 expansion of the army allowed more Republicans to be appointed to senior positions. Understanding TJ's actions as an effort to Republicanize the army resolves the paradoxes generated by earlier views that focused on an anti-army bias. Published in 1987 and noted below.

Reference: 236
Author: Martin, Judith
Title: Common Courtesy: In Which Miss Manners Solves the Problem That Baffled Mr. Jefferson.
Publisher: Atheneum,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1985)
Extent: x, 70.

Notes: TJ's "Pell Mell Etiquette" instituted at the White House during his presidency "succeeded chiefly in giving everyone equal offense," although it was a pioneering attempt to devise a code of manners for a democratic, egalitarian society. Despite the author's sometimes brittle wit, this is a thoughtful attempt to work through the principles of a Jeffersonian, democratic etiquette defining a social realm in which "all citizens are ... accorded equal dignity."

Reference: 237
Author: McLean, Dabney N.
Title: Henry Soane, Progenitor of Thomas Jefferson.
Publisher: D. N. McLean,
Place of Publication: [Staunton, VA?]:
Date: (1985)
Extent: 36.

Notes: Genealogical study of one of TJ's great great grandfathers and his descendants.

Reference: 238
Author: Ong, Bruce Nelson
Title: "Constitutionalism and Political Change: James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and Progressive Reinterpretations." Ph.D. dissertation. University of Virginia,
Publication: DAI 645-A.
Volume: 47
Date: (1985)
Date: (1986)
Extent: 436.

Notes: Contends that Madison and TJ wanted to check "Aristotlean sedition," the conscious attempt to change a regime's principles or constitution, by providing a stronger basis for the rule of law and restraints on power. They rejected the British variety of constitutionalism because they did not want the politics of those in office at any given moment to overwhelm fundamental law. In the Progressive Era J. Allen Smith, Herbert Croly, Walter E. Weyl, and Woodrow Wilson attempted to loosen these restrictions in order to attempt major reforms in American law and society. Consequently an uneasy tension exists between that part of our tradition which favors constitutional restraints on power and that which opposes them. A political science dissertation which seems to overlook some traditional historical questions--whatever happened to the Federalists?

Reference: 239
Author: Phelan, Joseph Richard
Title: "Jefferson's Declaration of Independence and the Foundations of American Republicanism." Ph.D. dissertation. University of Toronto,
Publication: DAI 1044-A.
Volume: 47
Date: (1985)

Notes: Notes the tendency of recent scholarship to deny the significance of the Declaration as either the expression of the dominant political thought of the Revolution or of the principles upon which American democracy rests. Argues against this that the Declaration embodies the republican spirit of the Revolution which TJ and the other founders held to be essential to healthy political life and viable self-government. Explores the extent to which TJ's statesmanship was concerned with preserving this spirit from decay or oblivion after the Revolution.

Reference: 240
Author: Pole, J. R.
Title: Equality, Status, and Power in Thomas Jefferson's Virginia.
Publisher: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation,
Place of Publication: Williamsburg:
Date: (1985)
Extent: 40.

Notes: Illuminates TJ's invocation of equality in the Declaration by looking at the social and historical context of this concept in Virginia. Shows a Virginia with "a divided heritage;" if Virginians were caught up in slavery and deference politics, they also had "space enough for free individuals to feel their own strength." Nothing new, but well-grounded in up to date scholarship and intended for secondary and lower-level undergraduates.

Reference: 241
Author: Santrey, Lawrence
Title: Thomas Jefferson.
Publisher: Troll Associates,
Place of Publication: Mahwah NJ:
Date: (1985)
Extent: 30.

Notes: Juvenile. Illustrations by Allan Eitzer. A hero for primary grade readers.

Reference: 242
Author: Baum, Rosalie Murphy
Title: "The Burden of Myth: The Role of the Farmer in American Literature."
Publication: North Dakota Quarterly.
Volume: 53
Date: (Fall, 1985)
Extent: 4-24.

Notes: Points to disparity between myths about idyllic farmers and the actualities of farm life. Discusses TJ as a formulator of the rural ideal and exposes some inherent contradictions in his most famous statements about farmers (in Notes and the 1785 letter to John Jay). They reflect a distrust of human relationships and yet commit farmers to a world of trade and commerce in order to obtain manufactured goods; his implicit praise for small landowners is belied by the size of his own establishment, and his work as an experimental farmer confirms his recognition of the need for cooperation in agricultural societies. Also considers his changing views on agriculture and manufactures as well as the considerable array of predecessors who contributed to the rural myth of America.

Reference: 243
Author: Breitwieser, Mitchell Robert
Title: "Jefferson's Prospect."
Publication: Prospects
Volume: 10
Date: (1985)
Extent: 315-52.

Notes: Argues against those who claim to discover a unity between theory and experience in TJ as well as against interpreters who see simply contradiction; claims instead that TJ's writing, particularly in Notes , demonstrates an "antithetical unity" in which theory and experience "are bound together in a dynamic, internally contradictory whole, in which the function of experience is its interruption and resistance of thought's tendency toward complacent self-enclosure and self-consistency." By employing a "diverse cognitive repertoire" of sometimes discrepant understandings, TJ is simultaneously able to discover sufficient categories for the object of his attention even as he can suggest that the object retains a mysteriousness, a plurality of possibilities beyond the limits of any single category. He also, as the treatment of Native Americans and blacks reveals, voices historically particular attitudes even as he suspects his attitudes are historically determined, and parallel to this movement of self-correction is his vision of a republic defined not by an homogeneous vision of society but by the free argument of endlessly recurring differences. A rich and stimulating essay.

Reference: 244
Author: Brown, Gwen O.
Title: "Transformation of Identity in Presidential Inauguration Addresses." Ph.D. dissertation. University of Maryland,
Publication: DAI 1114-A.
Volume: 47
Date: (1985)
Extent: 174.

Notes: Uses Kenneth Burke's rhetorical theory to examine the first inaugural speeches by Washington, TJ, Lincoln, Franklin Roosevelt, and Kennedy. Demonstrates the presence of image patterns of time, space, violence, and transcendence. Concludes that the inaugural speeches communicate transformation of identity by defining the people, defining the relationship between them and the President, and by defining their joint purpose. Hardly surprising.

Reference: 245
Author: Carnahan, Frances
Title: "Dining with Thomas Jefferson."
Publication: Early American Life
Volume: 16
Date: (June, 1985)
Extent: 22-27.

Notes: TJ as host. The usual treatment.

Reference: 246
Author: Creese, Walter L.
Title: "Jefferson's Charlottesville"
Publication: The Crowning of the American Landscape: Eight Great Spaces and Their Buildings
Publisher: Princeton University Press,
Place of Publication: Princeton:
Date: (1985)
Extent: 9-45.

Notes: Discusses the University of Virginia buildings and Monticello as examples of TJ's desire to create national building models for the American landscape. A richly suggestive essay which considers TJ's ability to adapt European traditions to a specific American environment and which argues that his buildings take on a more convincing unity when viewed as parts of larger ensembles within an uncommitted landscape. Sees the precedents for the University as "a brilliant body of French and English architecture," including chateaux, hospitals, and prisons, and not one building alone. Discusses siting, proportion, and detailing of both achievements as well as the historical relationships between earlier and later American approaches to inhabiting landscapes.

Reference: 247
Author: Dorman, Robert L.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's Letter to the Indians: Fate of a Frontier Artifact."
Publication: Chronicles of Oklahoma
Volume: 63
Date: (1985)
Extent: 341-59.

Notes: Conventional discussion of TJ's Indian policies and of the checkered history of a letter of April 11, 1806 given to a delegation of Osages, Missouris, Kansas, Otoes, Pawnees, Iowas, Sioux, Potawattomies, Foxes, and Sacs.

Reference: 248
Author: Ericson, Edward L.
Title: "Freethinker in the White House: Thomas Jefferson"
Publication: The Free Mind Through the Ages
Publisher: Ungar,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1985)
Extent: 105-20.

Notes: Portrays TJ as a rationalist, a rejector of Christianity's claims to supernatural origins, and a philosophical materialist.

Reference: 249
Author: Fitzpatrick, James K.
Title: "Hamilton v. Jefferson"
Publication: God, Country, and the Supreme Court
Publisher: Regnery,
Place of Publication: Chicago:
Date: (1985)
Extent: 21-44.

Notes: Out of concern that America is becoming increasingly "de-Christianized" by liberal, secularist intellectuals, the "ACLU mentality," etc. argues that the First Amendment was really intended to promote freedom for religion. In this context, however, does not confront TJ's ideas about religious freedom and the wall of separation, but instead tries to rescue him for the conservative position as one determined to safeguard society against radical change. Unlike Hamilton, however, he was unwilling to admit the necessity for moral leadership and example of an elite. Relies primarily on secondary sources.

Reference: 250
Author: Foshee, Andrew
Title: "Jeffersonian Political Economy and the Classical Tradition: Jefferson, Taylor, and the Agrarian Republic."
Publication: History of Political Economy
Volume: 17
Date: (1985)
Extent: 523-50.

Notes: Argues that examination of TJ's and John Taylor's writings reveal essentially the same model of agrarian political economy which is found in Greek and Roman literature. Claims neither abandoned his classical republican heritage, but TJ ultimately saw what Taylor would not: Madison's version of political economy with more room for domestic commerce and manufactures would be necessary to secure the republic. Agrees with Drew McCoy's analysis, described as an attempt to reconcile the positions of Joyce Appleby and J. G. A. Pocock. Claims for the essentiality of the classical model are not well considered and are supported rather more by appeals to the authority of other scholars of a conservative bent than by thoughtful argument.

Reference: 251
Author: French, Hannah D.
Title: "Notes on American Bookbindings: The March-Milligan Connection, or, Second Thoughts about John March as a Binder for Thomas Jefferson."
Publication: Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society
Volume: 95
Date: (1985)
Extent: 161-63.

Notes: Sowerby's identification of over 150 books bound for TJ by John March between 1801 and 1807 is at least partly erroneous. March died June 2, 1804, and John Milligan, who did a great deal of binding work for TJ, was the administrator of his estate and seems likely to have used March's tools.

Reference: 252
Author: Fretz, T.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson: America's First Horticulturalist?"
Publication: HortScience
Volume: 20
Date: (June, 1985)
Extent: 344-46.

Notes: The answer is yes; surveys TJ's gardening and farm interests, but adds nothing new.

Reference: 253
Author: Goering, Wynn
Title: "`Lovers of Peace and Order'."
Publication: Mennonite Life
Volume: 40
Date: (September, 1985)
Extent: 11-15.

Notes: Claims that in the years after 1783 "pacifism emerged as a prime civic virtue," a recognition that "the greatest threat to liberty was neither tyranny nor anarchy, but war itself." Cites TJ, Benjamin Rush, Joel Barlow, and others. Not much on TJ.

Reference: 254
Author: Guzzetta, Charles
Title: "Jefferson, Rumford, and the Problem of Poverty."
Publication: Midwest Quarterly ,
Volume: 26
Date: (1985)
Extent: 343-56.

Notes: Draws a strong contrast between TJ and Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, who shared interests in science but were seemingly opposed on everything else. They took opposite approaches to the issue of poverty: TJ sought to eliminate by means of free land and free education in order to assure independence and a classless society, but Rumford aimed to provide housing, food and work for the urban poor, relieving poverty in order to preserve an aristocratic society. Ironically, TJ is the hero of the common man while Rumford is remembered only as the inventor of soup kitchens, although the latter's ideas worked and TJ's didn't. Because this essay does not consider the different situations posed by Munich and America in the 1790's, the comparison is of limited value and its conclusions seem a bit simplistic, especially in its reliance upon cliches of Jefferson scholarship.

Reference: 255
Author: Hatch, Peter
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's Gardens."
Publication: Herb Society of America News.
Date: (Winter, 1985)

Notes: Not seen. Presumably a reprinting of similarly titled article by this author, first printed in 1983 (# 143 above).

Reference: 256
Author: Hellenbrand, Harold
Title: "Roads to Happiness: Rhetorical and Philosophical Design in Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia."
Publication: Early American Literature
Volume: 20
Date: (1985)
Extent: 3-23.

Notes: Calls for awareness of how TJ reconciled inheritance of rhetorical and philosophical conventions with his own beliefs and stylistic habits, particularly his conception of nature as stable and quiescent beneath a dynamic appearance. His insistence that stable principles untainted by history were discernible within history itself motivated the rhetorical designs of Notes as well as his major political pronouncements, but at the same time his thought about nature and humane nature was profoundly dualistic in its fears of turbulence and longing for harmony. He feared that moral, financial, and even sexual economies would capitalize or devalue as one, and, claims the author, a sexual anxiety underlay his worries about Americans' corruptions by an "unnatural" commercial process. He tended to see blacks and women as threats to a pastoral and heterogenous world attuned to the underlying principles of nature. Author qualifies this anxious, authoritarian TJ by pointing to the "mixed intentions" of Notes .

Reference: 257
Author: Hellenbrand, Harold
Title: "Not `to Destroy But to Fulfill': Jefferson, Indians, and Republican Dispensation."
Publication: Eighteenth-Century Studies
Volume: 18
Date: (1985)
Extent: 523-49.

Notes: Contends that TJ mythologized Indian culture by appropriating the scheme of old and new dispensations from its Christian prophetical and typological context and adapting it to both connect and distinguish tribal kinship groups under natural law from societies under civil and republican rule. He saw the Indians as natural men who "were to be yeomanized, republicanized, and gathered in the garden of the American West in preparation for the global concord that was Jefferson's political and economic ideal." Sees TJ as projecting his own anxieties about white Virginia culture onto the Indians and claims that his paternalistic and pedagogical rhetoric masks a deep ambivalence about the Indians, particularly after the Louisiana Purchase. While these are not totally novel opinions, this essay is shrewd and insightful in detail.

Reference: 258
Author: Horrocks, Thomas
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the Great Claw."
Publication: Virginia Cavalcade
Volume: 35
Date: (1985)
Extent: 70-79.

Notes: Detailed account of TJ's receipt of fossil bones from the supposed "megalonyx" and his subsequent report to the American Philosophical Society. He revised the report "only hours before he presented it" because he had read Georges Cuvier's essay on the megatherium, recently unearthed in Paraguay. His hasty speculations about a great lion collapsed when he read Jose Garriga's full account of the megatherium, a sort of giant ground sloth, but he hung on to frontier folklore accounts about a giant cat of some kind.

Reference: 259
Author: Karelis, Charles H.
Title: "A Note on Democracy and Liberal Education."
Publication: Liberal Education
Volume: 72
Date: (1985)
Extent: 319-22.

Notes: Notes that TJ's support for universal education went along with an elitist scheme that repeatedly and drastically narrowed the flow of students moving up. Attempts to deal with this paradox lead to at least three views of our present day reality: all students should be treated equally; the slowest learners should get extra resources; the quickest learners should receive a larger shore of the resources. There are contrasting advantages, particularly between the last two views, and we tend to favor inverse proportionality when supporting the kind of education that holds society together and direct proportionality when we allocate technical training. This is an argument implicit, perhaps, in TJ's pyramidical scheme.

Reference: 260
Author: Kelso, William M.
Title: "Digging on Jefferson's Mountain."
Publication: World Book Encyclopedia 1985 Yearbook
Publisher: World Book,
Place of Publication: Chicago:
Date: (1985)
Extent: 100-17.

Notes: Account of archaeological work at Monticello under the author's direction. Of several similar articles by this author, this is notable for its useful illustrations, particularly helpful in making the locations of archaeological finds clear to those who might never have visited Monticello or not visited it recently.

Reference: 261
Author: Knight, Carleton, III.
Title: "Mr. Jefferson and His Successors."
Publication: Architecture
Volume: 74
Date: (December, 1985)
Extent: 62-71.

Notes: Account of the expansion of the University of Virginia campus discusses the architectural implications of TJ's original design and some of the subsequent failures to consistently follow up on his inspiration. Notes a renewed attention to the Jeffersonian tradition in recent years, however.

Reference: 262
Author: Langhorne, Elizabeth
Title: "A Black Family at Monticello."
Publication: Magazine of Albemarle County History
Volume: 43
Date: (1985)
Extent: 1-16.

Notes: Account of the Hemings family, particularly after TJ's death. Adapted in part from a chapter of the author's forthcoming book (published in 1987, see below).

Reference: 263
Author: MacIsaacs, Heather Smith
Title: "Living in Mr. Jefferson's Village."
Publication: House and Garden
Volume: 157
Date: (May, 1985)
Extent: 142-49, 246-48.

Notes: Description of the University of Virginia campus and the restoration of Hotel D on the East Range as a residence for Dean Jacquelin Taylor Robertson of the School of Architecture. Photographic illustrations.

Reference: 264
Author: Malone, Dumas
Title: "The Madison-Jefferson Friendship"
Publication: James Madison on Religious Liberty, ed. Robert S. Alley.
Publisher: Prometheus Books,
Place of Publication: Buffalo:
Date: (1985)
Extent: 303-05.

Notes: Claims that TJ and Madison "always saw eye to eye," although he goes on to admit that they had some differences of opinion. Says Madison was the better constitutionalist and more judicious, but TJ had a more daring mind. Minor note.

Reference: 265
Author: Maverick, Maury, Jr.
Title: "A Conversation with Jefferson."
Publication: Texas Observer
Volume: 77
Date: (January 11, 1985)
Extent: 10-11.

Notes: TJ here approves of the Nicaraguan revolution of the Sandinistas. Their revolution is not so disruptive as the American one was, and they share our religion and European heritage.

Reference: 266
Author: McInerney, Peter
Title: "Thomas Jefferson"
Publication: American Reformers, ed. Alden Vaughan.
Publisher: H. W. Wilson,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1985)
Extent: 474-79.

Notes: Sketch focusing, appropriately enough, on TJ as reformer.

Reference: 267
Author: Miller, William Lee
Title: "The Bicentennial of the Virginia Statute."
Publication: Christian Century
Volume: 102
Date: (1985)
Extent: 1171-75.

Notes: Thoughtful discussion of the Statute, arguing that TJ's position was clearly in favor of an absolute separation of church and state. Describes the form of the Statute as "rather like an introduction to a waltz" with its long, passionate, and intellectually weighty preamble, its brief statement of enactment, and its concluding paragraph that "might be said to be rather amusingly un-Jeffersonian." Actually, in the last paragraph TJ tries to get around his own belief that one generation cannot bind another with an assertion that the rights behind the statute are "the natural rights of mankind." Thus, any later attempts to repeal it would infringe those rights.

Reference: 268
Author: Nichols, Gene R.
Title: "Children of Distant Fathers: Sketching an Ethos of Constitutional Liberty."
Publication: Wisconsin Law Review.
Date: (1985)
Extent: 1305-57.

Notes: Argues for a location in the ninth amendment of a constitutional right to self-governance. TJ's Declaration and other writings give the clearest statement of the American commitment to self-governance, which in turn supports the Supreme Court's decisions that give constitutional protection to personal privacy. Because the Court has failed to locate unambiguously the textual sources of such rights, it is necessary to introduce into constitutional discourse the American dedication to self-governance figured by TJ and Abraham Lincoln.

Reference: 269
Author: Ratzlaff, Robert K.
Title: "The Evolution of a Gentleman-Politician: John Rutledge, Jr., of South Carolina."
Publication: Midwest Quarterly
Volume: 27
Date: (1985)
Extent: 77-95.

Notes: TJ, while Minister to France, served Rutledge, then making his Grand Tour, as adviser, sponsor, and banker. Rutledge returned to South Carolina with a strong personal attachment to TJ, but this disappeared in the contentious atmosphere of the late 1790's as Rutledge turned Federalist.

Reference: 270
Author: Saito, Makoto
Title: "`Dokoritsu Sengen' ni okeru bunri to togo: T. Jefuason ni yoru `Dokoritsu' no rukai." ["Separation and Integration in the Declaration of Independence: The Meaning of the Declaration According to T. Jefferson].
Publisher: Kokkagakai Zasshi [Japan].
Volume: 98 no. 9-10,
Date: (1985)
Extent: 1-37.

Notes: A longer, more fully argued version of the following entry, but in Japanese.

Reference: 271
Author: Saito, Makoto
Title: "What Was Meant by `Independence' in the Declaration of Independence?"
Publication: Japanese Journal of American Studies
Volume: 2
Date: (1985)
Extent: 49-57.

Notes: Discusses the Summary View as background for the Declaration and argues that TJ saw the colonies as forced to dissolve a union which they had voluntarily formed with Great Britain. The Declaration announced not so much the independence of subordinates but the separation of a group of states from another state which they had formerly affiliated with on equal terms. The Declaration is thus important as a document strengthening American unity and as one announcing separation.

Reference: 272
Author: Schulz, Constance B.
Title: "Essay Review: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson."
Publication: Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
Volume: 109
Date: (1985)
Extent: 69-80.

Notes: Discusses Volume 20 of the Papers and Jefferson's Extracts from the Gospels , the first volume in the new "Second Series" of the Papers . Gives an excellent brief account of Boyd's conception and handling of the Papers project, including the evolution of its editorial practices. Notes the disadvantages of Boyd's "growing and ardent identification with Jefferson's political cause" which led to longer notes, attacks on the historical contributions of others such as Hamilton, and sometimes to an undercutting of the persuasiveness of the documents themselves. If Volume 20 is "vintage Boyd," the Extracts volume shows signs of a new direction which upholds Boyd's tradition of scholarly rigor and excellence even as it meets demands for more rapid publication and accessibility.

Reference: 273
Author: Sheridan, Eugene R.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson"
Publication: The Encyclopedia of Unbelief, ed. Gordon Stein.
Publisher: Prometheus Books
Volume: Vol.1
Place of Publication: Buffalo
Date: (1985)
Extent: 360-63.

Notes: Claims that TJ is notable in American religious history as the primary author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, as a pioneer in applying rationalist criticism to the Bible, and as a champion of free thought in all areas, including religion. Describes his movement through youthful natural religion to a demythologized Christianity of a moralistic bent.

Reference: 274
Author: Shi, David E.
Title: "Republicanism Transformed"
Publication: The Simple Life: Plain Living and High Thinking in American Culture .
Publisher: Oxford University Press,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1985)
Extent: 74-100.

Notes: In the years after the revolution a seeming epidemic of materialism and luxury upset the sensibilities of classical republican thinkers, but TJ was hopeful that republican virtue could be nurtured in American future generations. Like Benjamin Rush, he first put his hope in public education as the "keystone of our arch of government," and while he adjusted his later outlook to the changing national conditions, he gave up neither his belief in the necessity of Epicurean enlightened self-restraint nor in the value of education as an instrument of moral and scientific progress. He had an abiding faith in technology's ability to improve the lives of citizens and he supported an "equilibrium" among agriculture, manufacture (although only of "coarse articles" and necessities), and trade.

Reference: 275
Author: Simpson, Lewis P.
Title: "The Ideology of Revolution"
Publication: The History of Southern Literature, eds. Louis D. Rubin, Lewis P. Simpson, and Thomas D. Young.
Publisher: Louisiana State University Press,
Place of Publication: Baton Rouge:
Date: (1985)
Extent: 57-67.

Notes: Treats TJ as a "poet-prophet" who unmasked the ironies of a slave-owning society and was a fundamentally modernist thinker whose writing marked the climactic "movement of man and nature into mind." Claims his pastoral fiction of the yeoman farmer as ideological embodiment of freedom was "more relevant to the literary imagination in the nonslaveholding parts of the new nation than it was to the man of letters in the South." A considerably more suggestive and stimulating discussion than offered by most literary dictionaries or encyclopedias.

Reference: 276
Author: Smylie, James H.
Title: "Jefferson's Statute for Religious Freedom: The Hanover Presbytery Memorials, 1776-1786."
Publication: American Presbyterians (formerly Journal of Presbyterian History)
Volume: 63
Date: (1985)
Extent: 355-73.

Notes: Reprints the five Memorials with historical introduction explaining their part in the debates in Virginia over TJ's proposed Statute.

Reference: 277
Author: Unknown
Title: "UVA Begins Restoration of Jeffersonian Buildings."
Publication: Architecture
Volume: 74
Date: (January, 1985)
Extent: 37-38.

Notes: A decade after restoring the Rotunda, the University begins restoration work on the other buildings of the original lawn as designed by TJ. Note.

Reference: 278
Author: Wilson, Douglas L.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's Early Notebooks."
Publication: William and Mary Quarterly
Volume: 42
Date: (1985)
Extent: 433-51.

Notes: Attempts to view the notebooks as a group of related documents and to date the entries in them as accurately as possible. Examines the complications surrounding the dated entries in the Case and Fee books, the Garden Book, the Farm Book, and the Memorandum Books. A careful and detailed consideration of the entries in the three commonplace books follows; includes some discussion of the unpublished equity law commonplace book. One conclusion author arrives at is that TJ was reading Montesquieu's Esprit and Beccaria perhaps as late as when he came to revise the laws of Virginia. This is an important piece of scholarship which cannot be easily summarized, however, and ought to be consulted by anyone interested in TJ's reading or his intellectual development in general.

Reference: 279
Author: Woods, Mary N.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the University of Virginia: Planning the Academic Village."
Publication: Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
Volume: 44
Date: (1985)
Extent: 266-83.

Notes: Relates the plan of the University of Virginia as an institutional building type to hospital and school designs available to TJ through his library or professional contacts. Notes the comparative novelty of his plans, but suggests that he may have been influenced in the idea of an academical village by Quatremere de Quincy's first volume on architecture in the Encyclopedie Methodique . Suggests that questions of sanitation and ventilation may have drawn his attention to hospital designs such as Wren's Chelsea Hospital, the Royal Hospital at Plymouth, or the proposals of Jean-Baptiste le Roy. TJ may also have been influenced by Benjamin Latrobe, particularly because of his sensitivity to the relationship between design and student discipline.

Reference: 280
Author: Woodson, Minnie Shumate
Title: "Researching to Document the Oral History of the Thomas Woodson Family: Dismantling the Sable Curtain."
Publication: Journal of the Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society
Volume: 6
Date: (1985)
Extent: 3-12.

Notes: Oral tradition, kept in the family until after the publication of Fawn Brodie's work maintains that Thomas Woodson was another son of TJ and Sally Hemings, possibly the Tom who supposedly died in infancy. Long on family tradition, short on important evidence, but, nevertheless, Woodson and his family are an interesting group in their own right.

Reference: 281
Author: Zagarri, Rosemarie
Title: "Founding Intentions: Jefferson & Madison on School Prayer."
Publication: New Republic.
Volume: 193
Date: (September 9, 1985)
Extent: 10-11.

Notes: Examination of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom seems clearly to support complete separation of church and state; the government can not "prefer one religion over another, or even prefer religion over irreligion." States that Justice Rehnquist and others wish to resurrect a principle TJ and Madison wanted to repudiate once and for all.

Reference: 647
Author: Beiswanger, William
Title: "Thomas Jefferson" in
Publication: Master Builders: A Guide to American Architecture, ed. Diane Madden.
Publisher: Preservation Press,
Place of Publication: Washington, D.C.:
Date: (1985)
Extent: 24-27.

Notes: Brief but informed account of TJ as architect.

Reference: 649
Author: Cassara, Ernest
Title: "The Student as Detective: An Undergraduate Exercise in Historiographical Research."
Publication: History Teacher
Volume: 18
Date: (1985)
Extent: 581-92.

Notes: Describes a class on historiography in which the major assignment was to analyze Dumas Malone's treatment of the Hamilton-Jefferson relationship as presented in Chapter 27 of Jefferson and the Rights of Man .

Reference: 282
Author: Bergmair, Peter
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's Republikanische Theorie."
Publication: Druckerie Blasaditsch
Place of Publication:
Place of Publication: Augsburg
Date: (1986)
Extent: iv, 229.

Notes: "Inaugural-Dissertation zur Elangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität zu München." Sets TJ's political theory in the context of the American Revolution and the republican possibilities in its discourse, then examines his conceptions of the citizen and of government. In German.

Reference: 283
Author: Betts, Edwin M., Hazelhurst Bolton Perkins, and Peter J. Hatch
Title: Thomas Jefferson's Flower Garden at Monticello.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia.
Place of Publication: Charlottesville:
Date: (1986)
Extent: ix,96.

Notes: Third edition of book first printed in 1941 (see # 2590 in TJCAB ), now revised and enlarged by Hatch, superintendent of the grounds at Monticello. Useful list of TJ's plants, their common and botanical names, and their characteristics. Handsomely illustrated with color photographs.

Reference: 284
Author: Unknown
Title: Le bicentenaire du Voyage de Jefferson en Bourgogne/ The bicentennial of Thomas Jefferson's Trip to Burgundy.
Publisher: Conseil régional de Bourgogne,
Place of Publication: [Dijon]:
Date: (1986)
Extent: n.p.

Notes: Brochure prepared to commemorate the 200th anniversary of TJ's trip, with sketch by Jean-Francois Bazin and Pierre Dupuy, "Quand Thomas Jefferson visitait le Vignoble bourguignon/ When Thomas Jefferson visited the Burgundian vineyards." In French and English.

Reference: 285
Author: Bruns, Roger
Title: Thomas Jefferson.
Publisher: Chelsea House,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 112.

Notes: Juvenile. Introductory essay "On Leadership" by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. Illustrations from contemporary materials. Thoughtful, responsible presentation of TJ and his times. Recommended for middle school and even high school age readers.

Reference: 286
Author: Anonymous
Title: Constitutional Amendment Relating to School Prayer . Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-Ninth Congress, First Session on Senate Joint Resolution 2, A Joint Resolution Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Relating to Voluntary Silent Prayer or Reflection. June 19, 1985.
Publisher: Congress of the United States, Senate Committee on the Judiciary,
Place of Publication: Washington D.C.:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 224.

Notes: Includes testimony before the committee, newspaper editorials, and opinions of the Supreme Court on Wallace v. Jaffree. TJ and the notion of the "wall of separation" between church and state are discussed passim ; significant is Justice Rehnquist's attack on the authority of TJ in this matter.

Reference: 287
Author: Cote, Richard Charles
Title: "The Architectural Workmen of Thomas Jefferson in Virginia." Ph.D. dissertation. Boston University,
Publication: DAI 3387-A.
Volume: 46
Date: (1986)
Extent: 404.

Notes: Examines in detail the practices and architecture of seven builders whom TJ once employed: James Dinsmore, John Neilson, James Oldham, John Perry, Dabney Cosby, Malcolm F. Crawford, and William B. Phillips. The first four worked at both Monticello and the University of Virginia, the last three at the University. Considerations of buildings later erected by these workmen shows that TJ's Roman and Tuscan classicism continued to exert a profound impact long after his death in 1826, partly because their clients knew of TJ's work and wished to emulate it. Considers the workmen's background, qualifications, building practices, and the economics of building during the first three decades of the 19th century as well as TJ's method of hiring workmen.

Reference: 288
Author: Dewey, Frank L.
Title: Thomas Jefferson, Lawyer.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia,
Place of Publication: Charlottesville:
Date: (1986)
Extent: xiv, 184.

Notes: A carefully researched and well reasoned study of TJ's practice as a lawyer from the time of his legal studies begun in 1762 until his turning over of his case load to Edmund Randolph in 1774. Overturns a number of assumptions about this phase of Jefferson's life, e. g. that diligent legal studies occupied all of his time between 1762 and 1767, that his course of studies can be reconstructed from notebooks and advice he later gave to legal aspirants, that he had an extensive practice in the county courts, etc. The author convincingly shows that TJ practiced only in the General Court and is informative on the precise nature of the work he did there as well as on the judicial system of pre-revolutionary Virginia. Study of Jefferson's fee book and case book reveals his earnings from his legal practice to have been moderate at best. The author is a retired lawyer who is familiar with legal terminology and makes it intelligible to a lay audience. Includes in revised form earlier articles about the law practice.

Reference: 289
Author: Hargrove, Jim
Title: Thomas Jefferson, Third President of the United States.
Publisher: Childrens Press,
Place of Publication: Chicago:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 100.

Notes: Juvenile, grades 3-6 approximately. Conventional, balanced biography for young readers. Discusses slavery, but makes it sound as if it was mostly a problem for white people.

Reference: 290
Author: Hilton, Suzanne
Title: The World of Young Tom Jefferson.
Publisher: Walker,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 92.

Notes: Juvenile. On TJ's life until age 19; gives brief summary of his accomplishments and experience after that. Given the focus on the early life, about which little is known, there is a great deal of fictionalizing, made-up dialogue, etc.

Reference: 291
Author: Linn-Downs, Carren
Title: "Thomas Jefferson: A Psychohistorical Perspective on Personality Structure, Patriarchal Ideology, and Paradox." Ph.D. dissertation. The Wright Institute,
Publication: DAI 361-B.
Volume: 47
Date: (1986)
Extent: 217.

Notes: Applies psychoanalytic object relations theory to TJ as "a representative example of a large collective phenomenon." The theory supposes that women's raising of males creates effects on the personal and social levels, particularly in terms of the reproduction of patriarchy and male-dominated ideology. It also proposes that as a result of intrapsychic dynamics during the preoedipal stage males and females tend to develop differently; men tend to become idealized, and women become separated from male relations and activities, thus becoming, argues the author, excluded from history. Claims that evidence from TJ's life supports the contended correlation between the nature of early parenting and the institutionalization of a patriarchal worldview. This theory may well be essentially correct, but since so little is known about TJ's childhood, he does not seem to be the best example to prove it.

Reference: 292
Author: Mehrhof, Wayne Arthur
Title: "The Rainbow and the People: The Jefferson National Expansion Memorial as Symbolic Landscape." Ph.D. dissertation. St. Louis University,
Publication: DAI 964-A.
Volume: 48
Date: (1986)
Date: (1987)
Extent: 225.

Notes: Attempts to explain the continuity of the American cultural tenet of progress articulated by TJ by examining the historical development of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (the St. Louis Arch). Considers the classical origins of the arch form and its associations for TJ.

Reference: 293
Author: Cullen Charles T.
Title: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Volume 22, 6 August 1791 to 31 December 1791, ed. Charles T. Cullen, Eugene R. Sheridan, and Ruth W. Lester.
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Place of Publication: Princeton
Date: (1986)
Extent: xxxix, 513.

Notes: First volume of the post-Boyd era returns to offering table of contents on chronological principles and now supplies an index to this volume. This volume adopts a "strictly chronological" ordering of the papers and abandons Boyd's "file folder" method of printing together letters and papers focusing on a common issue or event. Thus, this volume prints the first of the papers TJ bound into the so-called "Anas" volume, and the editors will treat each item as a separate document to be inserted into the Papers volume in the appropriate place according to its date. The editors believe that TJ intended to include in the "Anas" volume only papers covering his tenure as Secretary of State.

Reference: 294
Author: Peterson, Merrill D., ed.
Title: Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Biography.
Publisher: Scribners,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1986)
Extent: xiii, 513.

Notes: Individual essays by various authorities on TJ and his age, described individually in the section below. Each essay covers a different aspect of TJ, and their conjunction offers the interesting example of various experts about TJ and his times implicitly modifying and correcting one another. A worthwhile volume.

Reference: 295
Author: Sabin, Francene
Title: Young Thomas Jefferson.
Publisher: Troll Associates,
Place of Publication: Mahwah NJ:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 48.

Notes: Juvenile, illustrated by Robert Baxter. TJ as the all-American boy; expands a bit loosely upon the facts.

Reference: 296
Author: Nick Beilenson, ed.
Title: Thomas Jefferson, His Life and Words
Publisher: Peter Pauper Press,
Place of Publication: White Plains, NY:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 63.

Notes: Brief introduction and selected quotations, including the "quotations" on the walls of the Memorial in Washington D. C.

Reference: 297
Author: Thompson, Paul B.
Title: The Goals of American Agriculture from Thomas Jefferson to the 21st Century. Faculty Paper Series..
Publisher: Texas A & M University, Department of Agricultural Economics
Place of Publication: College Station, TX:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 24.

Notes: Whereas the goals of American agriculture today are productivity and efficiency, but for TJ the goals of agriculture were "the anchoring of self interest in a community, and the necessity of self reliance." If the notion that agriculture should be a moral example for society at large seems outdated, TJ's values of community and self reliance need to reasserted in a broader sense in order to "incorporate a sense of responsibility for our own long term survival into the choices we make as consumers, as producers, and as citizens." Reads TJ through Wendell Berry.

Reference: 298
Author: Adams, William Howard
Title: "The Fine Arts"
Publication: Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Biography, ed. Merrill D. Peterson (see above).
Publisher: Scribners,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 199-214.

Notes: Suggests that TJ's knowledge of sculpture and painting derived largely from books which, if they allowed him to move easily in cultivated circles, restricted his horizons to that of the typical eighteenth-century cultivated gentleman. Notes the widening of his experience in Paris, his encouragement of John Trumbull, his visits to studios and salons, etc. , but shows it to be in continuing tension with his republican suspicions about Europe.

Reference: 299
Author: Appleby, Joyce
Title: "Republicanism in Old and New Contexts."
Publication: William and Mary Quarterly
Volume: 43
Date: (1986)
Extent: 20-34.

Notes: Argues against Lance Banning (see below) that the late eighteenth century saw the simultaneous presence of the classical republicanism of Harrington (updated by Montesquieu) and the liberal republicanism that TJ and contemporaries traced to Bacon, Newton, Locke, and Smith. These represented the republican paradigms of the Federalists and Jeffersonians, respectively. Claims that TJ's insistence upon the newness of the post-revolutionary republicanism, however exaggerated, was central to his world view. Says that in espousing limited government, the Jeffersonians endorsed a reordering of the boundaries between private and public spheres which signalled new directions in social development.

Reference: 300
Author: Banning, Lance
Title: "Jeffersonian Ideology Revisited: Liberal and Classical Ideas in the New American Republic."
Publication: William and Mary Quarterly
Volume: 43
Date: (1986)
Extent: 3-19.

Notes: Responds to Joyce Appleby's critique of the "republican hypothesis" of Jeffersonian ideology which downplays the significance of earlier classical republican, "country" ideology in favor of a "liberal hypothesis." Finds fault with both positions and contends that since each has grasped portions of important truths we need not regard their claims as mutually exclusive (even if the proponents seem to claim they are). Argues that in important ways Appleby has misrepresented some of the scholarship she disputes, but admits that her work is a useful corrective to recent studies that have mistakenly or unintentionally overemphasized the conservative characteristics of Jeffersonian thought.

Reference: 301
Author: Barnouw, Dagmar
Title: "Speech Regained: Hannah Arendt and the American Revolution."
Publication: Clio
Volume: 15
Date: (1986)
Extent: 137-52.

Notes: Claims Arendt's On Revolution is a "political fiction about men as political actors engaged in the unconstrained presentation of speech acts," and looks at her version of TJ, discussing what he meant by "happiness" in the famous phrase. Arendt, she claims, separates public and private spheres and then claims that TJ understood happiness in the public sphere. Shows that TJ did not make this distinction so clearly as Arendt claims, and he did not locate the realm of happiness exclusively in the public sphere.

Reference: 302
Author: Bear, James A., Jr.
Title: "Monticello"
Publication: Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Biography, ed. Merrill D. Peterson (see above).
Publisher: Scribners,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 437-452.

Notes: The former curator of Monticello writes an excellent account of how TJ lived in his home and the fortunes and misfortunes of the house after his death. Good overview of the history of the house and of the admirers of TJ who in various ways have kept it going.

Reference: 303
Author: Bedini, Silvio A.
Title: "Man of Science"
Publication: Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Biography, ed. Merrill D. Peterson (see above).
Publisher: Scribners,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 253-276.

Notes: Good survey of TJ's interests in science, including the role of science in modern education. Comments on his encouragement of scientific societies, his gathering of scientific and technological information while on his travels, and his willingness to encourage networks of information and practice, such as Benjamin Waterhouse's proposal for a nationwide vaccination program. See also the author's 1990 full length study of TJ and science, listed below.

Reference: 304
Author: Beeman, Richard R.
Title: "The American Revolution"
Publication: Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Biography, ed. Merrill D. Peterson (see above).
Publisher: Scribners,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 25-46.

Notes: Looks at TJ's career from 1760 through his governorship of Virginia. Notes the contradictions between TJ's youth and education which would seem to fit him to be a supporter of the status quo and his genuine "streak of radicalism" which centers on his concern for "liberty." Thus, describes the Summary View as marked both by "an angry and belligerent tone" and a line of legal argument "based on a careful and meticulous reading of ancient English history." Suggests the same sort of split in his proposed Virginia Constitution and revision of the laws, and that the issue of slavery most clearly exposed the contradictions. Given the legislative limits on the Virginia governor, TJ did a creditable job, although Benedict Arnold's invasion did catch him off his guard. Informative.

Reference: 305
Author: Beitzinger, A.
Title: "Political Theorist"
Publication: Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Biography, ed. Merrill D. Peterson (see above).
Publisher: Scribners,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 81-100.

Notes: Since TJ's political theory was inextricably linked to his ideas about nature, the moral sense, and natural law, this essay, in fact, looks at TJ's larger philosophical understanding of the world. Suggests that in some ways TJ is more interested in theorizing about society than about politics, and describes his political thought as "predicated more on man's relation to nature than to government." Perhaps accepts too uncritically Morton White's claim for the importance of the influence of Burlamaqui on TJ, but a thoughtful essay nevertheless.

Reference: 306
Author: Bolster, William Jeffrey
Title: "The Impact of Jefferson's Embargo on Coastal Commerce."
Publication: Log of Mystic Seaport
Volume: 37
Date: (1986)
Extent: 111-23.

Notes: Focusing on the case of Providence, R. I. , contends that while the embargo hurt American commerce as a whole, it spurred an unprecedented level of coastwise shipping. This activity strengthened connections with ports which had previously traded only infrequently with Providence and encouraged development of trade in items like bricks and cordwood. Argues that both TJ and his contemporaries as well as later historians have underestimated the importance of coastwise shipping in the early decades of the nineteenth century.

Reference: 307
Author: Buie, Jim
Title: "Forgetting Religious Freedom: Why Mr. Jefferson's Legacy Isn't Being Taught in America's Classrooms."
Publication: Church and State
Volume: 39
Date: (April 1986)
Extent: 80-82.

Notes: About the project of Americans United for Separation of Church and State to provide material for teaching the importance of religious liberty, particularly important since so many people do not seem to understand it. Not about TJ per se .

Reference: 308
Author: Burg, B.
Title: "The Rhetoric of Miscegenation: Thomas Jefferson, Sally Hemings, and Their Historians."
Publication: Phylon
Volume: 47
Date: (1986)
Extent: 128-38.

Notes: Argues that if no indisputable conclusions can be reached about TJ and Sally Hemings, a great deal can be learned by an examination of the language of the scholars who have addressed the issue, particularly those who have denied a relationship between TJ and Hemings. The common thread is outrage not at the issue of fornication, or even at the possibility of adultery as in the case of Maria Cosway, but at the possibility of sexual liaison with a black. Typically, TJ is mildly criticized, Sally Hemings and her family are made to seem trivial, and Callender is demonized. Examines the work of Malone, Peterson, John C. Miller, Virginius Dabney, and Douglas Adair, and concludes that the particular quality of their language results from employing the "standard vocabulary of race relations in the United States," particularly that available to men born, raised, and educated in the first half of this century.

Reference: 309
Author: Cappon, Lester J.
Title: "Abigail Adams Counsels Thomas Jefferson"
Publication: Women Leaders in American Politics, ed. James David Barber and Barbara Kellerman.
Publisher: Prentice Hall,
Place of Publication: Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 25-35.

Notes: Selection of letters written in 1804 in which Adams expresses indignation over TJ's removal of John Quincy Adams from a diplomatic post. TJ's reply suggests he did not know of the removal. The exchange raises questions about how various categories of citizens, including women, should be represented in the appointment-making process.

Reference: 310
Author: Carson, David A.
Title: "Jefferson, Congress, and the Question of Leadership in the Tripolitan War."
Publication: Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
Volume: 94
Date: (1986)
Extent: 409-24.

Notes: Argues that historians who echo Federalist denunciations of TJ's handling of the war with Tripoli are mistaken. TJ on the issue of war with the Barbary pirates acted with energy and force, and the treaty with Tripoli was favorable to the U. S. , providing a satisfactory conclusion to the four-year war. he accomplished far more with the Barbary powers than had his predecessors, and while the treaty did not mark a complete end to problems in this area, it was an important step in bringing about a resolution.

Reference: 311
Author: Carson, David A.
Title: "That Ground Called Quiddism: John Randolph's War with the Jefferson Administration."
Publication: Journal of American Studies
Volume: 20
Date: (1986)
Extent: 71-92.

Notes: John Randolph's sense of betrayal at the failure of TJ and Madison to back him in the Chase impeachment led him to confront TJ, first over the Yazoo land question. Debate over relations with Spain and TJ's strategy to obtain Florida hardened Randolph's position and extended his animosity to Madison as well. Argues that for all of his personal vindictiveness, Randolph was a principled Republican critic of TJ's administration and of his "artful gymnastics" in office.

Reference: 312
Author: Cheney, Lynne
Title: "Mr. Jefferson's Memorial."
Publication: Washingtonian
Volume: 21
Date: (April, 1986)
Extent: 136-37.

Notes: On Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Commission, and the ensuing memorial. Roosevelt, in turn emulated TJ's original request for a simple block of stone as a memorial. Congress in 1982, however, voted a more ambitious plan, a garden on the Tidal Basin overlooking the Jefferson Memorial.

Reference: 313
Author: Cord, Robert
Title: "Correcting the Record."
Publication: National Review
Volume: 38
Date: (April 11, 1986)
Extent: 42.

Notes: Praises Justice William L. Rehnquist's historical understanding of TJ and Madison's position on the separation of church and state. Claims TJ's "wall of separation" was not intended as the firm barrier "liberals" have asserted.

Reference: 314
Author: Cullen, Charles T.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson: Writings on the Constitution."
Publication: This Constitution
Volume: 13
Date: (1986)
Extent: 27-33.

Notes: Extracts TJ's comments on the Constitution and gives supporting contextual commentary.

Reference: 315
Author: Cunningham, Noble E., Jr.
Title: "Political Parties"
Publication: Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Biography, ed. Merrill D. Peterson (see above).
Publisher: Scribners,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 295-310.

Notes: Claims that TJ was "a successful political leader because he was in tune with the wishes of the American people and sought to implement the goals of the majority," but at the same time demonstrates his political skills and inventiveness. Although he did not think parties were a good thing, he saw that they were, at certain times at least, inevitable, and in leading the Republicans to victory in 1800, he showed the ability that later marked him as a strong and effective president, particularly in working with Congress. The period in which he emerged as the party leader of the Republicans saw the origins of political parties and many of the practices which would later become a feature of American political life.

Reference: 316
Author: Davidson, James Dale
Title: "Budget Talk with Tom and Ralph."
Publication: Reason
Volume: 18
Date: (June, 1986)
Extent: 27-29.

Notes: Claims it is time to heed TJ's suggestion of a balanced budget amendment to the constitution as well as Emerson's warning that "Everything has its price."

Reference: 317
Author: Dawidoff, Robert
Title: "Man of Letters"
Publication: Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Biography , ed. Merrill D. Peterson (see above).
Publisher: Scribners,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 181-198.

Notes: Discusses TJ's early literary reading and influences as well as his mature style, and examines Notes on the State of Virginia and the Head and Heart letter to Maria Cosway as examples of literary performance. Sees the Notes as unified by TJ's assumption of the role of the philosopher representing his native country to the republic of science, regarding all he offers as brought into conjunction by the rational observer of the world. Claims that on matters such as slavery, the Jeffersonian literary stance was not able to go beyond its conventions, even when his own experience seems to demand it and his writing shows signs of his distress, and notes his sometimes tiring earnestness and didacticism. Still, we must count him as a man of letters in order to restore to our vocabulary the Jeffersonian vision of the American future as a democratic pastoral.

Reference: 318
Author: Ellis, Richard E.
Title: "Constitutionalism"
Publication: Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Biography , ed. Merrill D. Peterson (see above).
Publisher: Scribners,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 119-134.

Notes: Surveys TJ's efforts at constitution making, the impact of his ideas on American constitutional values, and his confrontations with constitutional issues. Points to the unsystematic nature of his ideas on constitutions, his changing attitudes depending upon the situation which confronted him, and his "playful and philosophical mind" which led him to embrace ideas on an almost trial basis and to express them in sometimes exaggerated terms. He was seldom as radical in practice as he sometimes sounded.

Reference: 319
Author: Ferguson, Robert A.
Title: "`We Hold These Truths' Strategies of Control in the Literature of the Fathers"
Publication: Reconstructing American Literary History, ed. Sacvan Bercovitch.
Publisher: Harvard University Press,
Place of Publication: Cambridge
Volume: Harvard English Studies 13.
Date: (1986)
Extent: 1-28.

Notes: Asserting that "Silence is the vital interstice in a consensual literature," explores the way TJ, Franklin, Adams and others impose the text as higher reality in the interest of exerting hegemonic control in their society. The interpenetration of language, belief, and power becomes a means to control that which cannot be written about. TJ discussed passim suggestively if perhaps a bit glibly at times.

Reference: 320
Author: Frank, Willard C., Jr.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's Religious Journey."
Publication: Religious Humanism
Volume: 20
Date: (Winter, 1986)
Extent: 8-17.

Notes: Claims TJ's changing conception of God passed through three broad phases: an Anglican phase in which he was raised, a deist phase from his college years until his fifties, and a final moralist phase "under the deep influence of Unitarians and Universalists." Mostly conventional sketch, a bit simplistic, particularly when it tries too hard to make TJ an upper case U Unitarian.

Reference: 321
Author: Gaustad, E.
Title: "Religion"
Publication: Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Biography , ed. Merrill D. Peterson (see above).
Publisher: Scribners,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 277-295.

Notes: Well informed account of TJ's religious thinking, emphasizing his later theism. Underestimates perhaps the power of his early skepticism, but traces in some detail his response to Price, Priestley, and Rush as he developed his own kind of Christian position. Notes his anticlericalism and his disdain for what he saw as corruptions of the pure principles of Jesus. Suggests the complexity of his attitudes and connects it to the "intensity and earnestness" of his private spiritual inquiry.

Reference: 322
Author: Gold, Vic
Title: "The Education of Thomas Jefferson: How a Smart Guy Like Bob Gray Could Have Saved Jefferson from Himself and Made Him Rich, Too."
Publication: Washingtonian
Volume: 21
Date: (July 1986)
Extent: 84-86.

Notes: Satire; a "public-relations counsel" could have made the Declaration more catchy or, even better (worse?), could have urged TJ to go for the big bucks by going into public relations and representing "the biggest client of them all," King George.

Reference: 323
Author: Gray, Richard
Title: "From Revolution to Reaction: Thomas Jefferson, John Taylor of Caroline, and John Randolph of Roanoke"
Publication: Writing the South: Ideas of an American Region
Publisher: Cambridge University Press,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 18-30.

Notes: Sketch of TJ as an agrarian and a nostalgic mythmaker whose thinking was carried further by Taylor and Randolph. While TJ's sympathies in his later years were more strongly in line with the agrarianism of Taylor, this essay may overstate the case somewhat and overlook the revolutionary potential of the university project.

Reference: 324
Author: Horsman, Reginald
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the Ordinance of 1784."
Publication: Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
Volume: 79
Date: (1986)
Extent: 99-112.

Notes: Contends that "the optimism and breadth of approach embodied in the Ordinance of 1784 can be understood only when perceived both in the light of general American dreams of expansion in the previous quarter of a century and in the light of Jefferson's own perception of America's republican future." Claims that TJ's ideals give the Ordinance its distinctiveness even though many of its expansionist ideas appeared in one form or another in the previous three decades. His views of the natural rights of man and of the nature of government shaped the report of the Congressional committee designated to plan for the Western lands. At the heart of his beliefs were the three conditions stated in the last provisos--republican governments in the new states, no hereditary titles (a response to the Cincinnati), and no slavery.

Reference: 325
Author: Howe, John
Title: "Republicanism"
Publication: Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Biography , ed. Merrill D. Peterson (see above).
Publisher: Scribners,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 59-80.

Notes: Emphasizes the concrete circumstances of TJ's experience in Virginia, especially, as the primary influence on his notions of what American republicanism should be. Finds the years between 1776 and 1783 as crucial, and examines TJ's largely unsuccessful attempts to reshape the constitutional grounds of a republican Virginia. Grants him a fuller commitment to political equality than many contemporaries, but describes his "less than fully democratic sensibilities" which preserved the role of elite leaders.

Reference: 326
Author: Hubbard, Dolan
Title: "David Walker`s Appeal and the American Puritan Jeremiadic Tradition."
Publication: The Centennial Review
Volume: 30
Date: (1986)
Extent: 331-46.

Notes: Shows how Walker used the jeremiadic tradition of the American Puritans to rebut TJ's comments about blacks in the Notes . Both Walker and TJ inherited a view of American exceptionalism, and the Declaration as a textual palimpsest contains the jeremiad as one of its layered rhetorical possibilities. Walker exemplifies the "apocalyptic tone of the Jeffersonian Jeremiad" to call for a new society of peace and justice.

Reference: 327
Author: Jackson, Donald
Title: "The West"
Publication: Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Biography , ed. Merrill D. Peterson (see above).
Publisher: Scribners,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 369-385.

Notes: Well-informed essay on TJ's interest in and knowledge about the West, his backing of various exploring expeditions (especially those of Lewis and Clark and Dunbar and Freeman), and his encouragement of the dissemination of reports and data from the expeditions. Notes that although TJ never went west of Staunton, Virginia, until late in his life, he had the curiosity and knowledge to be a good explorer himself, although his migraine headaches and his psychological inability to detach himself from his family would have worked against him.

Reference: 328
Author: Jaffa, Harry V.
Title: "On the Education of the Guardians of Freedom."
Publication: Modern Age
Volume: 30
Date: (1986)
Extent: 131-40.

Notes: Defends the centrality of TJ's Declaration of Independence as both a statement of American principle and as an instrument of government against charges to the contrary by Russell Kirk and others. Points to TJ's own understanding of the document, both as he wrote it and after the fact, to the responses of the colonial assemblies to it, and to the weight put on it by Abraham Lincoln at a crucial point in our history.

Reference: 329
Author: Jenkins, Nancy
Title: "Wines with History: A Discovered Cache of Vintage Wines Inspires a Jeffersonian Feast."
Publication: New York Times Magazine.
Volume: 136
Date: (October 26, 1986)
Extent: Part 2. 36, 62.

Notes: Describes a meal "modeled on late eighteenth-century dishes known to have been served--or that might have been served--at the White House during TJ's Presidency or at Monticello." Menu and selected recipes.

Reference: 330
Author: Johnstone, Robert M., Jr.
Title: "The Presidency"
Publication: Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Biography, ed. Merrill D. Peterson (see above).
Publisher: Scribners,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 349-368.

Notes: Credits TJ with demonstrating the potential of the presidency as an institution of popular government, although agreeing with the contention that republican policy impaired the nation's ability to determine its own destiny. If TJ accomplished the republican aim of eliminating the national debt and excessive taxes, he also diminished the funds necessary for the naval and military establishment increasingly necessary to protect American interests in his second term. TJ developed beyond his predecessors the policy-making role of the president, yet he preserved a popular base of legitimacy. The failure of the embargo, however, undermined the credibility of presidential activism, and encouraged the shift of power toward Congress which occurred in the next two decades. A solid essay on TJ as presidential leader.

Reference: 331
Author: Joyce, Edward
Title: "Thomas Jefferson, Gardener."
Publication: Rodale's Organic Gardening
Volume: 33
Date: (March, 1986)
Extent: 42-53.

Notes: Describes TJ's garden practices and the work of Peter Hatch to restore the Monticello gardens. One of the best popular articles on the gardens for gardeners since it offers more detailed information than most.

Reference: 332
Author: Kaplan, Lawrence S.
Title: "Foreign Affairs"
Publication: Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Biography, ed. Merrill D. Peterson (see above).
Publisher: Scribners,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 311-330.

Notes: Contends that the U. S. as a revolutionary nation held ideas about its place in the world that threatened to overturn established international relations and that TJ on at least three issues was the chief expounder of such radical positions. In the Summary View and the Declaration his interpretation of history opposed the conventional British understanding of it; he based in natural law a conception of the law of nations that was unfamiliar to the old world, and in arguing for the validity in 1793 of the treaty made with the French old regime, he set forth the opinion that treaties were not with monarchs but with nations. If the goals were revolutionary, TJ's diplomacy, however, was not. Describes his statecraft as motivated by a desire to preserve and extend the American republic and by a belief that Britain posed the greatest threat to it, although he was not blind to the threats posed by French interests, particularly after the rise of Napoleon. Notes his occasional lapses in judgment and his overreaching himself in the case of the embargo.

Reference: 333
Author: Kelso, William M.
Title: "Mulberry Row: Slave Life at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello."
Publication: Archaeology
Volume: 39
Date: (September/October, 1986)
Extent: 28-35.

Notes: Recent excavations of the Mulberry Row site suggest that over the years TJ tended increasingly to house slaves in single-family houses (doing away with larger housing groups more prevalent in the early years of Monticello) and also to become more aware of sanitation issues (at least one house had wooden floors instead of the more typical earth). There is also some evidence, although not clearly explained here, for continuing African traditions. All the houses had root cellars which offered storage not only for food items but also for private possessions. Ceramic fragments point to the presence of a large amount of various wares; building "O" alone yielded bits from 289 different vessels.

Reference: 334
Author: Kett, Joseph F.
Title: "Education"
Publication: Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Biography, ed. Merrill D. Peterson (see above).
Publisher: Scribners,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 233-252.

Notes: Surveys TJ's interest in and efforts for education from the 1778 Bill for the More General Diffusing of Knowledge to the founding of the University of Virginia. Notes his attention to the ideas of others about education, particularly in the 1780's and 1790's, but notes that TJ's plans were often quite original taken as a whole. His ideas were not always acted upon, however, in part because he placed too much trust in the popular desire for knowledge, but they were in many ways more practical than those who believed that schools and colleges could go on in the way they always had. His design for a university curriculum was a forerunner of later American institutions, yet it had relatively little direct influence since he was in effect "in the wrong place at the wrong time."

Reference: 335
Author: Levy, Leonard W.
Title: "Civil Liberties"
Publication: Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Biography, ed. Merrill D. Peterson (see above).
Publisher: Scribners,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 331-348.

Notes: Offers a vigorous condensation of the position first set forward in his 1963 Jefferson and Civil Liberties: The Darker Side . This provides an even more dramatic shattering of the image of TJ as the "plaster saint" of libertarianism, but it also reveals the tendency to caricature his position. "Explains" the disparity between TJ's powerful expressions of civil rights and his actual practice in terms of his supposed timidity, vanity, and shallowness. Claims he "had no systematic and consistent philosophy of freedom," and he was thus ill-equipped to deal with issues that came up such as the Burr business, General Wilkinson, etc. , having no more than "ritualistic affirmation of nebulous and transcendental truths" to support him. Effective demolition of TJ as plaster saint, but not so good at explanation.

Reference: 336
Author: Malone, Dumas
Title: "The Life of Thomas Jefferson"
Publication: Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Biography, ed. Merrill D. Peterson (see above).
Publisher: Scribners,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1986)
Extent: 1-24.

Notes: Revision of the author's 1933 biographical sketch from the Dictionary of American Biography .