Chapter 9: A. Books and monographs, 1988.


Reference: 459.
Name: Baridon, , Michel and Bernard Chevignard, eds.
Publication: Voyage et tourisme en bourgogne à l'époque de Jefferson: Travelling through Burgundy in the age of Jefferson .
City: Dijon:
Publisher: Éditions universitaires de Dijon. Publications de L'Université de Bourgogne
Volume: LXVI.
Pages: 157.
Notes: Collected papers from a conference held to commemorate the two hundredth anniversary of TJ's tour through Burgundy and the south of France; relevant essays, focusing on TJ's travels in Burgundy, his interest in food, wine and other aspects of French culture, are individually annotated below.


Reference: 460.
Name: Bober, , Natalie.
Publication: Thomas Jefferson: Man on a Mountain .
City: New York:
Publisher: Atheneum, 1988.
Pages: xii, 274.
Notes: Juvenile biography intended for teenagers. Thoroughly researched, but marred, perhaps, by an overly adulatory portrayal, a tendency to ascribe possible feelings to TJ as if they were fact, and somewhat misjudged attempts to familiarize him as "Tom." Discusses the Sally Hemings controversy, but claims it was Peter Carr who "developed a deep and lasting emotional involvement" with Sally and fathered all her children.


Reference: 461.
Name: Caldwell, , Lynton K.
Publication: The Administrative Theories of Hamilton and Jefferson: Their Contributions to Thought on Public Administration .
City: New York:
Publisher: Holmes & Meier,
Date: 1988.
Pages: xxiii, 244.
Notes: Second edition of work originally published in 1944 ( TJCAB #1466> ). Adds a new introduction, arguing for the continuing relevance of TJ and Hamilton as standards by which to judge the practice of government. Text otherwise unchanged from first edition.


Reference: 462.
Name: Fisher, , Leonard Everett.
Publication: Monticello .
City: New York:
Publisher: Holiday House,
Date: 1988.
Pages: n.p.
Notes: Juvenile. Describes the planning, construction, and occupancy of TJ's dream home. Illustrated with photographs and drawings by the author.


Reference: 463.
Name: Gabriel, , Robin H. , Dorsey Bodeman, and Ronald Kirby.
Publication: The Life and Times of Thomas Jefferson: A Lesson Unit .
City: Charlottesville VA:
Publisher: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation,
Date: 1988.
Pages: 105.
Notes: Plans for 12 lessons on TJ, with more attention paid as one might expect to his private life at Monticello than to his public life. Includes materials for discussing the life of the slaves at Monticello in addition to that of the white residents, and also includes a variety of games and activities for students. Well thought out, appropriate for teachers of elementary schools.


Reference: 464.
Name: Kramer, , Lloyd S. , ed.
Publication: Paine and Jefferson on Liberty .
City: New York:
Publisher: Ungar,
Date: 1988.
Pages: xiv, 144.
Notes: Editor's introduction suggests Paine and TJ were "the most influential interpreters of the new American conception of liberty" because they went beyond the particular American circumstances. Reprints Summary View , the Declaration, First Inaugural Address, the Bill for Religious Freedom, and letters to Madison and Paine.


Reference: 465.
Name: Mayer, , David Nicholas.
Title: "The Constitutional Thought of Thomas Jefferson."

Publication: Ph.D. dissertation. University of Virginia,
Date: 1988.
Pages: 772.

Publication: DAI
Volume: 50
Date: (1990) ,
Pages: 3036-A.
Notes: Analyzes TJ's constitutional thinking in terms of "Whig," and "republican" categories; these in turn correspond to his beliefs that constitutions were useful primarily to limit government power, that government power should be divided into distinct spheres and branches, and that ultimately government was accountable to the majority will of the people.


Reference: 466.
Name: McLaughlin, , Jack.
Publication: Jefferson and Monticello: The Biography of a Builder .
City: New York:
Publisher: Henry Holt.
Pages: viii, 481.
Notes: Arguing that TJ's house mirrored himself, claims that "Monticello is the man, and the house is a living testimony to the truth, `I am what I build.'" This leads to an excellent account of TJ's life at Monticello and forcibly reminds us of the degree to which Monticello was always a house in process. TJ did not complete the distinctive porticoes until 1823, by which time sections finished years earlier were already beginning to fall into serious disrepair. The image of a white, shining house we behold today is a myth. The attempt to read TJ's life out of his house does seem, however, to open itself up to some questionable psychologizing; it is difficult, for example, to see why TJ's cramped staircases are necessarily "deeply symbolic of its owner's difficulties with free access and disclosure."


Reference: 467.
Name: Miller, , Charles A.
Publication: Jefferson and Nature: An Interpretation .
City: Baltimore:
Publisher: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
Pages: xii, 300.
Notes: Claims Jefferson deployed `nature' not as a bright thread that led through his intellectual universe but as an unpatterned fabric that enveloped it." Explores TJ's various usage of "nature" and "natural" in an attempt to give a systematic grounding to his ideas and values. Distinguishes between physical nature and human nature, examines the natural basis of his moral and aesthetic ideas as well as of his political and economic concepts, and concludes with a discussion of his "Life with Nature." This is an interesting notion which often is suggestive or informative, but finally it reveals the potential weakness of the thematic approach as inherently reductive. This is particularly true in the pages on TJ's aesthetic ideas which do not make adequate use of recent scholarship in this area. On the whole, however, the book offers a useful if somewhat conventional account of an extremely important element of Jefferson's mentalité


Reference: 468.
Name: Howell , Wilbur Samuel
Publication: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson: Second Series: Jefferson's Parliamentary Writings . ed. Wilbur Samuel Howell, with introduction.
City: Princeton:
Publisher: Princeton University Press,
Date: 1988.
Pages: xxix, 454.
Notes: Contains TJ's Parliamentary Pocket-Book and his Manual of Parliamentary Practice written while he was Vice-president of the U.S. and consequently presiding officer of the Senate. Provides a useful chronology of TJ's parliamentary readings and annotations and a thorough annotation of the texts.


Reference: 469.
Name: Peterson, , Merrill D. and Vaughan, Robert C., eds.
Publication: The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom: Its Evolution and Consequences in American History .
City: New York:
Publisher: Cambridge University Press,
Date: 1988.
Pages: xviii, 373.
Notes: Papers from a symposium held to celebrate the two-hundredth anniversary of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Papers pertaining to TJ listed separately below by author.


Reference: 470.
Name: Selby, , John E.
Publication: The Revolution in Virginia, 1775-1783 .
City: Charlottesville:
Publisher: University Press of Virginia,
Date: 1988.
Pages: xii, 442.
Notes: TJ discussed passim . Focus is on military campaigns and the difficulties of supporting the Virginia war effort, but offers useful and illuminating material on TJ's years as a war governor of Virginia and his earlier efforts to new-model the Virginia legal code.


Reference: 471.
Name: Sloan, , Herbert E.
Title: "Principle and Interest: Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Debt."

Publication: Ph.D. dissertation. Columbia University,
Date: 1988.
Pages: 552.

Publication: DAI
Volume: 51
Date: (1990) ,
Pages: 979-A.
Notes: Examines TJ's obsession with public and private debt in terms of his own situation as a long term, heavily indebted Virginia planter as well as in terms of the context of his republican thought. Claims that by exploring the relationship between TJ's plight as a private debtor and his adamant opposition to public debt we can clarify TJ's contributions to the development of republican doctrine in the U.S.


Reference: 472.
Name: Smith, , Kathie B.
Publication: Thomas Jefferson .
City: New York:
Publisher: Julian Messner,
Date: 1988.
Pages: [24].
Notes: Juvenile, illustrated by James Seward. For readers in primary grades, and like most books for this age group no mention of troubling issues such as slavery, etc.


Reference: 473.
Name: Stefoff, , Rebecca.
Publication: Thomas Jefferson, 3rd President of the United States .
City: Ada OK:
Publisher: Garrett Educational Corporation,
Date: 1988.
Pages: vi, 122.
Notes: Juvenile, for readers in grades 4-7 approximately. Faces up to difficult questions and gives good accounts of complex events, at least for a younger audience.


Reference: 474.
Name: Weaver, , Jeanne Moore.
Title: "Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson: Two American Philosophes Compared."

Publication: Ph.D. dissertation. Auburn University,
Date: 1988.
Pages: 829.

Publication: DAI
Volume: 50
Date: (1990) ,
Pages: 2625-A.
Notes: Compares TJ and Franklin as exemplars of Enlightenment ideals and "confirms the common assessment of Franklin and Jefferson as extraordinarily gifted and enlightened men." Finds TJ preferable as the better embodiment of the principles of the Enlightenment because of his "greater generosity, idealism, and integrity."

B. Essays and book chapters.


Reference: 475.
Name: Baridon, , Michel.
Title: "Les méthodes d'observation de Jefferson"
in
Publication: Voyage et Tourisme en Bourgogne , ed. Baridon et Chevignard (see above). 117-30.
Notes: Suggestive meditation on TJ's notes taken during his tour through France as more interesting for the way in which they show us how to think and write than for the information they offer on France in 1787. Argues that TJ's method of observation and attitude toward the usefulness of particular facts is grounded in the Empiricism of Locke and Boyle, but under the influence of French thinkers and experience his understanding is evolving toward that of the ideologues such as Destutt de Tracy, even toward the positivism of the nineteenth century. His journals of 1787 reveal the "humanisme scientifique" which simultaneously grounds him in an older scientific tradition of the Enlightenment and suggests a more skeptical awareness of human fallibility which characterized important French thinkers after the Terror. In French.


Reference: 476.
Name: Blodgett, , Bonnie, and D. J. Tice.
Title: "The Architect of Democracy: Thomas Jefferson"
in
Publication: At Home With the Presidents .
City: Woodstock NY:
Publisher: Overlook Press,
Date: 1988.
Pages: 31-40.
Notes: Illustrated sketch of TJ at Monticello. Coffee table.


Reference: 477.
Name: Boller, , Paul F., Jr.
Title: "Martha Jefferson (1749-1782)"
in
Publication: Presidential Wives .
City: New York:
Publisher: Oxford University Press,
Date: 1988.
Pages: 31-35.
Notes: Sketch of TJ's wife and their relationship.


Reference: 478.
Name: Brietzke, , Paul H.
Title: "The Constitutionalization of Antitrust: Jefferson, Madison, Hamilton, and Thomas C. Arthur."

Publication: Valparaiso University Law Review
Volume: 22
Date: (1988) ,
Pages: 275-330.
Notes: Argues against Arthur that once the politics of antitrust are taken into account the constitutionalizing of antitrust becomes desirable and inevitable. Antitrust law has resulted in part from an attempt to adapt Hamiltonian means for Jeffersonian ends. Peripheral to TJ.


Reference: 479.
Name: Brooks, , Colette.
Title: "Notes on American Mythology."

Publication: Partisan Review
Volume: 55
Date: (1988) ,
Pages: 309-21.
Notes: Claims that "the foremost American icon ... must be considered the map," and considers TJ as the archetypal explorer of this mode of perception in Notes, "a willful mix of science and art, practicality emboldened by, infused with, vision." Uses this supposed Jeffersonian vision as a frame to discuss a larger vision of American culture as experimental, technological, and, sometimes, catastrophic. Impressionistic.


Reference: 480.
Name: Buckley, , Thomas E. , S.J.
Title: "The Political Theology of Thomas Jefferson"
in
Publication: The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom , ed. Peterson and Vaughan (see above).
Pages: 75-108.
Notes: Argues that TJ's stance toward freedom of religion was theological in the sense of Bernard Lonergan's understanding of theology as that which mediates between religion and culture. The beliefs he shared with his fellow Americans included a sense of common beginnings oriented toward the achievement of liberty, an insistence on natural rights derived from a creator, and acknowledgement of a divine Providence overseeing the American experiment. Suggests that TJ's theological foundations for religious freedom had universal implications; in fact, "he made religion in America the paradigm for politics." Religious freedom had to extend to all, it had to admit a pluralism that included non-believers, and it had to allow the free exercise of conscience and rational inquiry. Holds that in the presidency TJ did not remove religion from public discourse, and identifies his religion as ultimately that civil religion described by scholars such as Sidney Mead and Robert Bellah.


Reference: 481.
Name: Carson, , David A.
Title: "Quiddism and the Reluctant Candidacy of James Monroe in the Election of 1808."

Publication: Mid-America
Volume: 70
Date: (1988) ,
Pages: 78-89.
Notes: John Randolph's attempts to enlist James Monroe in his struggles against Madison and TJ were inadvertently encouraged by TJ's perceived slights of Monroe, but a timely explanation by TJ helped avert Monroe's throwing himself in with the Quids.


Reference: 482.
Name: Chevignard, , Bernard.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson et Dijon: une rencontre manquée"
in
Publication: Voyage et Tourisme en Bourgogne , ed. Baridon et Chevignard (see above).
Pages: 17-28.
Notes: Notes TJ's desire to preserve his anonymity on his tour through southern France and his interest in agricultural questions as factors that may have led to his failure to observe or take part in all that Dijon had to offer. He not only bypassed a chance to visit Buffon in nearby Montbard, he also passed by the factories of Montcenis, and while Dijon at the end of the eighteenth century was the center of a brilliant and erudite society, TJ seems to have met only the valet he took on there. Describes the cultural and social life of Dijon, including the large number of English inhabitants and visitors. In French.


Reference: 483.
Name: Choppin de Janvry, , Olivier.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson au désert de Retz"
in
Publication: Voyage et Tourisme en Bourgogne , ed. Baridon et Chevignard (see above).
Pages: 141-55.
Notes: Describes what TJ would have seen at the Désert de Retz when he visited it in the company of Maria Cosway. Notes the emotional power of the memories associated with Cosway and then comments on later architectural projects of TJ which reflected his memories of the trip to the Forest of Marly and environs. Suggests TJ was particularly taken by the floor plan of the rez-de-chaussée of the "ruined column" which used oval rooms to fill out a round structure. TJ proposed similar plans for renovations at the Hôtel de Langeac, the first Washington Capitol, and the Rotunda. He may also have been influenced by the variety of architectural and landscape embellishments of the estate. In French.


Reference: 484.
Name: Church, , F. Forrester.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's Bible"
in
Publication: The Bible and Bibles in America , ed. Ernest S. Frerichs.
City: Atlanta:
Publisher: Scholars Press,
Date: 1988.
Pages: 145-61.
Notes: Account of the genesis of TJ's Life and Morals of Jesus . Well-informed, but written before the publication of the Papers edition of Jefferson's Extracts from the Gospels (1983) which makes this essay secondary.


Reference: 485.
Name: Dasenbrock, , Reed Way.
Title: "Jefferson and/or Adams: A Shifting Mirror for Mussolini in the Middle Cantos."

Publication: ELH
Volume: 55
Date: (1988) ,
Pages: 505-26.
Notes: Suggests that readers of Pound need to distinguish between the representation of TJ in the early Cantos and his representation in the middle Cantos and in Jefferson and/or Mussolini . Pound first portrays TJ as "an Italian Renaisssance prince in the context of revolutionary America." The parallel to Sigismondo Malatesta presents TJ less in terms of the then accepted liberal, Lockean paradigm than in terms of J. G. A. Pocock's later argument for understanding him in the context of a civic humanist tradition descending from Machiavelli. Analyzes Machiavellian qualities of Pound's portrait of TJ. As Pound in the later 1930's became more doubtful about the power of humanist virtue to sustain government, he shifted his focus from TJ to John Adams. Good essay on this subject.


Reference: 486.
Name: Dietze, , Gottfried.
Title: "The Americanization of the Mind."

Publication: Modern Age
Volume: 32
Date: (1988) ,
Pages: 21-27.
Notes: Claims that the key to the assertion that the closing of the American mind as described by Allen Bloom is an aspect of the Americanization of the mind lies with TJ, whose liberal ideas were countered by a hedonistic libertine practice. His substitution of "the pursuit of happiness" for the Lockean "property" let this hedonism get out of hand. Grump, grump, grump.


Reference: 487.
Name: Dunlap, , Leslie W.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson, 1797-1801"
in
Publication: Our Vice-Presidents and Second Ladies .
City: Metuchen NJ:
Publisher: Scarecrow Press,
Date: 1988.
Pages: 9-17.
Notes: Sketch, nothing new.


Reference: 488.
Name: Fink, , Beatrice.
Title: "Jefferson's Palatable Pleasures"
in
Publication: Voyage et Tourisme en Bourgogne , ed. Baridon et Chevignard (see above).
Pages: 131-40.
Notes: Discusses TJ's interests in food and wine, noting his efforts to introduce olive trees to America, his consistent interest in extending the range of comestible possibilities, and his use of the dinner table as a site for conversation and social bonding. TJ supposedly became aware of possibilities for the latter during his years in France.


Reference: 489.
Name: Hatzenbuehler, , Ronald L.
Title: "`Refreshing the Tree of Liberty with the Blood of Patriots and Tyrants': Thomas Jefferson and the Origins of the U.S. Constitution"
in
Publication: Essays on Liberty and Federalism: The Shaping of the U.S. Constitution , ed. David E. Narrett and Joyce S. Goldberg.
City: College Station:
Publisher: Texas A & M University Press,
Date: 1988.
Pages: 88-104.
Notes: Rejects the notion that TJ's response to the Constitution reflected his experience in France and argues instead that it was conditioned by his deeply felt biases concerning the conduct of politics in the United States and, more specifically, his response to Shays's Rebellion. A thoughtful examination of TJ's correspondence about Shays's Rebellion reveals a fairly consistent concern that overreaction to the disturbances would lead to a dangerous strengthening of centralized authority. He saw the rebellion as peculiar to Massachusetts, statistically insignificant, and a proof of the inherent stability (and not instability) of the American republic; the strong executive of the Constitution seemed a panicky response to the insurrection. On the other hand, he saw Louis XVI in positive terms during the same period and showed little sympathy for the bread riots of 1789 in Paris; he separated American and French politics and warned Virginians not to let this "little rebellion" trick them into trading away their liberty.


Reference: 490.
Name: Hatzenbuehler, , Ronald L.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson"
in
Publication: Popular Images of American Presidents , ed. William C. Spragens.
City: Westport CT:
Publisher: Greenwood Press,
Date: 1988.
Pages: 27-45.
Notes: Examines contradictory aspects of TJ from his writings about freedom and liberty to his handling of the presidency. Contends that he should be understood in the context of the Virginia gentry, and that so long as the tensions between localism and national integration remain unresolved in the U.S., TJ will continue to be difficult to comprehend in any simple sense.


Reference: 491.
Name: Healey, , Robert M.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's `Wall': Absolute or Serpentine?"

Publication: Journal of Church and State
Volume: 30
Date: (1988) ,
Pages: 441-62.
Notes: Detailed study of Supreme Court decisions which used TJ's figure of speech reveals the shifting attitudes toward it and toward the proper relation between the state and churches. Faults Justice William Rehnquist for bad logic and bad history in his attempts to undermine the notion of TJ's authority as a founder even as he paradoxically calls upon it to support the contention that there is a close connection between religious life and life of the civil community. Well informed essay, well reasoned.


Reference: 492.
Name: Holton, , Gerald.
Title: "Jefferson, Science, and National Destiny"
in
Publication: America in Theory , ed. Leslie Berlowitz, Dennis Donoghue, and Louis Menand.
City: New York:
Publisher: Oxford,
Date: 1988.
Pages: 149-62.
Notes: Argues for TJ's "good understanding of the heart of the scientific method," pioneering a style of research neither purely Newtonian or Baconian. Locating the center of research in an uncharted scientific area that also at the center of a social problem, his scientific style was neither simply discipline oriented nor problem driven. Suggests his support for Western exploration, particularly the Lewis and Clark expedition is a case in point, and claims that TJ's scientific style is relevant for scientific policy in late twentieth-century America.


Reference: 493.
Name: Anonymous
Title: "Independence: Thomas Jefferson/L'independenza: Thomas Jefferson."

Publication: Abitare
Volume: #266
Date: (July/August, 1988) ,
Pages: 100-09, 238.
Notes: Account of TJ done as a pastiche of bits from his writings and popular secondary sources. In Italian and English. Illustrated with photographs by Antonia Mulas.


Reference: 494.
Name: Joyner, , Louis.
Title: "Monticello, Eloquently Jefferson."

Publication: Southern Living
Volume: 23
Date: (September, 1988) ,
Pages: 62-69.
Notes: Sketch of TJ at Monticello played off against a melodramatic account of his years in France at the onset of the Revolution.


Reference: 495.
Name: Kenner, , Hugh.
Title: "Mr. All-of-it: Thomas Jefferson's version of the economy."

Publication: Art and Antiques .
Date: February, 1988.
Pages: 96.
Notes: On ingenuity at Monticello. Celebrates TJ's mastery of an art that "was the bringing to bear of human intelligence on whatever needed doing, triumphant when it hid its own traces."


Reference: 496.
Name: Lawson-Peebles, , Robert.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the Spacious Field of Imagination"
in
Publication: Landscape and Written Expression in Revolutionary America: The World Turned Upside Down .
City: Cambridge UK:
Publisher: Cambridge University Press,
Date: 1988.
Pages: 165-95.
Notes: Examines TJ's declining belief in the function of the imagination in terms of his response to landscape. Early writings, as in the defense of fiction in the letter describing Robert Skipwith's possible library, suggest a trust in the imagination as "superior to the confinements of real life," but already implicit in the famous descriptions of Notes is a desire to limit imaginary spatial expansion within categories of usefulness and textuality. If his experience of the sublime is directed through a text, so his experience of the powerful landscapes is framed within the conventions of the picturesque. His preferences for aerial views, his insistence on gridwork maps and plans, and his desire for his exploring parties to "fix" the terrain in a web of observations and facts points to his desire for an "imperial text" which will fix and preserve the landscape. A valuable essay.


Reference: 497.
Name: Lea, , James F.
Title: "Celebrating Two Hundred Years of the Constitution: The Madison/Jefferson Legacy."

Publication: Midwest Quarterly
Volume: 29
Date: (1988) ,
Pages: 308-20.
Notes: Argues that if we were truly heirs of TJ at the time of the bicentennial, we would critically assess, question, and explore the constitutional system. We seem to be Madisonians, however, and are thus more inclined to celebrate federal systems despite some obvious imperfections. Only peripherally about TJ.


Reference: 498.
Name: Lessay, , Jean.
Title: "Un ambassadeur très francophile Thomas Jefferson."

Publication: Pages d'Ecritures.
Volume: 2
Date: (no. 18, 1988) ,
Pages: 8-10.
Notes: Conventional discussion of TJ's life in France; claims he is "un très grand `bourgeois de gauche'."


Reference: 499.
Name: Liebman, , Rosanna.
Title: "A Genteel Lesson in Urban Sprawl: Recent Additions to the University of Virginia Campus."

Publication: Architecture
Volume: 77
Date: (February, 1988) ,
Pages: 56-61.
Notes: Updates Carleton Knight's article of 1985 (see above) by describing four new buildings which remain faithful to the spirit of TJ.


Reference: 500.
Name: Little, , David.
Title: "Religion and Civil Virtue in America: Jefferson's Statute Reconsidered"
in
Publication: The Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom , ed. Peterson and Vaughan (see above).
Pages: 237-56.
Notes: Looks at the claims of Ronald Reagan, William J. Bennett, and Richard John Neuhaus, among others, that there is a necessary connection between religion and civic virtue, and allows that one can find support for such a position in TJ's writings. Points out, however, that there is also a very different and competing theme, more closely associated with the Virginia Statute, which denies any necessary relation between civil virtue and religion. On this basis a just political order may not presuppose a set of commonly held religious beliefs but must respect "serious religious inquiry, reflection, encounter, and exchange." Coming within this area of respect are expressions of non-Christian and even non-theistic belief, but at the same time claims a continuity between Roger Williams, TJ, and Madison which "presupposes a doctrine of the human person that could not be surrendered without surrendering the entire frame of reference from which our basic civil institutions gain their meaning."


Reference: 501.
Name: Manicas, , Peter T.
Title: "The Foreclosure of Democracy in America."

Publication: History of Political Thought
Volume: 9
Date: (Spring, 1988) ,
Pages: 137-60.
Notes: Toward the end of trying to show that the US Constitution, "which was by no means a historical inevitability, became an instrument for a version of democracy which at the same time foreclosed the necessary conditions for far more democratic forms," contends that TJ's role in promoting the shift in the denotation of "democracy" has not been well understood. Claims he was "decisive in promoting a critical, and ideologically useful, confusion" between understanding the new government as a democracy rather than as the balanced republic of John Adams, but that because at his accession to the presidency nothing changed regarding the Constitutional arrangement, his later recognition of the people's loss of control over the organs of their government came too late. Thoughtful critique of the roots of "the alienated politics of the modern state," although perhaps too abstractly considered.


Reference: 502.
Name: Marty, , Martin.
Title: "The Virginia Statute Two Hundred Years Later"
in
Publication: The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom , ed. Peterson and Vaughan (see above).
Pages: 1-22.
Notes: Contends that the statute lies behind the First Amendment and has thus indirectly acquired national legal status. Critiques of Supreme Court decisions affirming TJ's wall of separation are variously concerned to break the connection between the Statute and the First Amendment, to argue that TJ was inconsistent or not serious about church-state separation, to criticize his understanding of religion, and to attack his defence of toleration as a type of secular humanist religion itself. Good review of some contemporary maneuvers to reinstate government support or condoning of certain religious practices; suggests that they have gained some ground in part because of unexamined assumptions in TJ's own notions about religion.


Reference: 503.
Name: McCarthy, , Finbarr.
Title: "A Rage for Order: The Ideological Implications of Form in Early Southern Writing."

Publication: Ph.D. dissertation. Tulane University,
Date: 1988.
Pages: 343.

Publication: DAI
Volume: 49
Date: (1989),
Pages: 3725-A.
Notes: In the section discussing TJ's Notes argues that he favors an educated agricultural society in order to absorb social change and that he believes society is the product of interaction between the authorizing individual and the social group.


Reference: 504.
Name: McDonald, , Forrest and Ellen Shapiro McDonald.
Title: "The Presidencies of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson"
in Requiem: Variations on Eighteenth-Century Themes .
City: Lawrence:
Publisher: University Press of Kansas,
Date: 1988.
Pages: 165-81.
Notes: Points out two aspects of the presidency, the administrative/executive side and the symbolic/ceremonial function. Washington provided a "half-way between monarchy and republicanism" by his role-playing of the presidency, but TJ completed the transition by humanizing the presidency and symbolizing not the Union but the people. Argues that TJ's hands-off style of administration worked because of the force of his intellect, character, and personality, but it would not and did not work for presidents who were not him. Notes that the experience of the presidency affected TJ and Washington in similar ways, particularly in regard to their final terms which were marked by internal squabbling, presidential self-confidence to the point of arrogance, and a turn from domestic reforms to foreign policy.


Reference: 505.
Name: McLendon, , Will L.
Title: "Jefferson voyageur et ses envoyés en Bourgogne"
in
Publication: Voyage et Tourisme en Bourgogne , ed. Baridon et Chevignard (see above). 47-60.
Notes: Describes TJ as a traveller with a practical bent, emphasizing his interest in the wines of Burgundy and commenting on his meeting with Parent, his wine dealer in Beaune. Discusses his epistolary retracing of his footsteps the year following his own journey when William Short travelled with John and Lucy Paradise as far as the Chateau de Laye and reported back to him. In French.


Reference: 506.
Name: O'Connor, , Thomas F.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's Reading List: The Classics and the Development of the `Whole' Man."

Publication: Chronicle of Higher Education
Volume: 34
Date: (February 3, 1988) ,
Pages: A48.
Notes: Discusses TJ's letter of August 19, 1787, to Peter Carr, outlining a course of classical reading. The author has devised a course with TJ's advice in mind in order to enable himself and his students "to consider the classics in a new way," as sources of pleasure, utility, and taste and as encouragement "to fix us in the principles and practices of virtue."


Reference: 507.
Name: O'Toole, , Daniel E. and James Marshall.
Title: "Citizen Participation Through Budgeting."

Publication: The Bureaucrat
Volume: 17
Date: (Summer, 1988) ,
Pages: 51-55.
Notes: TJ's advocacy of active participation by informed citizens as a way to control and limit government outlines an ideal for citizen participation in government now. Important means are "performance auditing" and other "inputs" into budgetary decisions.


Reference: 508.
Name: O'Toole, , Tom, and Joanne O'Toole.
Title: "Jefferson's Grand Design."

Publication: Cleveland Magazine
Volume: 17
Date: (September, 1988) ,
Pages: 59-60.
Notes: Travel note for would be visitors to Monticello.


Reference: 509.
Name: Pangle, , Thomas L. Q
Title: "The Eclipse of the Intellectual Virtues"
and "The New Meaning of the Active Virtues" in
Publication: The Spirit of Modern Republicanism: The Moral Vision of the American Founders and the Philosophy of Locke .
City: Chicago:
Publisher: University of Chicago Press,
Date: 1988.
Pages: 74-111.
Notes: TJ discussed in passing throughout this volume (and more specifically in these chapters) in the context of its larger argument that the political theory informing the American founding has been variously misunderstood by scholars influenced by Marxian or Weberian views and also by proponents of the central influence of "classical republicanism." Asserts the importance of Locke, the values of liberty, personal security, property, and prosperity. The first of the above noted chapters considers TJ's ideas on education and religion as part of a movement away from the classical tradition of valuing virtue for its own sake toward a more utilitarian and social conception. The second discusses his attitudes about agriculture and commerce, concluding that despite his perception of the moral dangers of the commercial spirit, TJ shares with other founders a belief in "an ever more prosperous, growth-oriented economy." Thoughtful, if sometimes inclined to attack straw figures and to insist problematically on the autonomy of theory.


Reference: 510.
Name: Peden, , William.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson: The Man as Reflected in His Account Books."

Publication: Virginia Quarterly Review
Volume: 64
Date: (1988) ,
Pages: 686-94.
Notes: Discusses the various ways in which TJ's account books and pocket diaries give insight into the private man so rarely glimpsed. Cites interesting examples which mostly increase our anticipation for the promised publication of the account books in the Papers edition.


Reference: 511.
Name: Peterson, , Merrill D.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson, the Founders, and Constitutional Change"
in
Publication: The American Founding: Essays on the Formation of the Constitution , ed. J. Jackson Barlow, Leonard W. Levy, and Ken Masugi.
City: New York:
Publisher: Greenwood Press,
Date: 1988.
Pages: 275-94.
Notes: After pointing to the basic notion of the "consent of the governed," contends that the idea of orderly constitutional change was an American invention in the age of the democratic revolution and broke sharply with both classical republican and Lockean theory. TJ opposed constitutional change by way of construction or interpretation by either executive or judicial branches because of the absence of express popular consent to such changes (not for him Madison's "tacit assent"). He favored instead popular conventions to amend the constitution in order to suit the needs of each generation; attractive as his openness to formal constitutional change by the people is, however, in today's fragmented society, where there is little consensus of belief or even consciousness of first principles, the classic constitution may be the surest authority we can possess.


Reference: 512.
Name: Peterson, , Merrill D.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the French Revolution."

Publication: Tocqueville Review
Volume: 9
Date: (1988) ,
Pages: 15-25.
Notes: Argues that TJ fully understood the world wide implications of the American Revolution after he went to France; he moved from rejection of the European political scene to support of the French Revolution. When Napoleon betrayed the promise of the Revolution, as he thought, America became the incarnation of the democratic ideal which Tocqueville rediscovered a generation later. The impact of the French Revolution on TJ and on American politics exposes limitations of both the consensus historians, to whom "the revolution is simply irrelevant to America," and to the ideological historians who trace the descent of civic humanism, the whig tradition, etc., thus providing no category for the revolution.


Reference: 513.
Name: Pocock, , J. G. A.
Title: "Religious Freedom and the Desacralization of Politics: From the English Civil Wars to the Virginia Statute"
in
Publication: The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom , ed. Peterson and Vaughan (see above).
Pages: 43-73.
Notes: Describes a tradition from the time of the English Civil War which progressively "desacralized" politics by reasserting the Augustinian separation of the city of God from the earthly city. At the same time it tended, especially under the influence of Locke, toward a redefinition of "religion as the holding of opinions, religious experience as the formation of opinions, and religious freedom as the freedom to hold, form, and profess opinions concerning the operations, attributes, and even the existence of God." This view of religion was aimed at both dogmatic priesthood and sectarian enthusiasm, but "historical accidents" of the 1770-s and 1780's led TJ and Madison to direct the Virginia Statute against priesthood only. They went beyond mere toleration, along with Richard Price and Joseph Priestley, to define religion as free inquiry into the constitution of the universe.


Reference: 514.
Name: Reck, , Andrew. J.
Title: "Heart and Head: The Mind of Thomas Jefferson"
in
Publication: Doctrine and Experience: Essays in American Philosophy , ed. Vincent G. Potter.
City: New York:
Publisher: Fordham University Press,
Date: 1988.
Pages: 22-47.
Notes: Survey of TJ's intellectual range and accomplishments. Uses the famous Heart and Head letter to Maria Cosway as a means to present both TJ's allegiance to moral sense theory as well as to Epicureanism and, in larger terms, his commitment to limitations upon theory posed by life as it must be lived in actual nature and society. Sees TJ's belief in equality and in a natural aristocracy as paradoxical, and claims that he understood equality in the Declaration as human equality "in respect to their having been created by God," a problematic interpretation if one wishes to read the Declaration in the context of a discourse of natural rights.


Reference: 515.
Name: Rorty, , Richard.
Title: "The Priority of Democracy to Philosophy"
in
Publication: The Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom , ed. Peterson and Vaughan (see above).
Pages: 257-82.
Notes: Describes TJ's assumption that a moral faculty common to theists and atheists sufficed for civic virtue as setting the tone for American liberal politics. Two sides of this position appear, an absolutist claim that every human has the beliefs necessary for civic virtue and a pragmatic claim that when a person's conscience entertains beliefs indefensible in the face of beliefs common to fellow citizens, that person's beliefs must be sacrificed "on the altar of public expediency." The discrediting of the rationalist justification of this Enlightenment compromise has polarized liberal social theory, but a third position has also emerged under the label of "communitarianism," presented by Alasdair MacIntyre, Michael Sandel, Charles Taylor, and others. Argues against the communitarians that liberal democracy can get along without philosophical presuppositions, but admits that communitarians like Taylor have a point in conceiving of the self as constituted by the community. This view comports well with liberal democracy, even if it is not as important as the communitarians think to have such a view. Looks at the philosophy of John Rawls in some detail, linking it to Jeffersonian antecedents but distinguishing it from TJ's assumption that the moral law needed a "foundation." TJ, John Dewey, and Rawls become successive voices for an American experiment whose end is "the disenchantment of the world." Focused on contemporary philosophical arguments, but indirectly enlightening about TJ, who is discussed only peripherally. Also appears in German as
Title: "Der Vorrang der Demokratie vor der Philosophie."

Publication: Zeitschrift fur Philosophische Forschung
Volume: 42
Date: (January-March, 1988) ,
Pages: 3-17.


Reference: 516.
Name: Rubenstein, , Stan.
Title: "Jefferson and Liberty"
in
Publication: Land and Freedom: Twenty Lessons for High School American Studies Classroom Instruction .
City: New York:
Publisher: Robert Schalkenbach Foundation/Henry George School,
Date: 1988.
Notes: Not seen. A self-contained lesson, suggesting "a theme, a sub-theme, background, concepts, performance objectives, and related texts." Also has a lesson on the Louisiana Purchase.


Reference: 517.
Name: Shuffelton, , Frank.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson"
in
Publication: Book of Days 1988 .
City: Ann Arbor:
Publisher: Pierian Press,
Date: 1988.
Pages: 211-213.
Notes: Entry for April 13; resource guide for those who might wish to note the day of TJ's birth.


Reference: 518.
Name: Shuffelton, , Frank.
Title: "Travelling in the Republic of Letters"
in
Publication: Voyage et Tourisme en Bourgogne , ed. Baridon et Chevignard (see above).
Pages: 1-16.
Notes: Discusses TJ's trip through Burgundy and southern France in the early spring of 1787 as the tour of a citizen of the republic of letters. Puts the journey and his letters written on the road in the context of Notes on the State of Virginia , and contends that TJ the traveller discovered that facts often had simultaneous scientific, historical, aesthetic, and political significance.


Reference: 519.
Name: Simpson, , Lewis P.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the Writing of the South"
in
Publication: The Columbia Literary History of the United States , ed. Emory Elliott.
City: New York:
Publisher: Columbia Univ. Press,
Date: 1988.
Pages: 127-35.
Notes: Presents the context of TJ's writing as the peculiar phenomenon of the Southern republic of letters made possible by the institution of slavery. TJ made Monticello "a climactic expression of the equation in the Southern planting society--especially in the Virginian version of this society--of land, slaves, and mind." Argues that Notes places TJ in the company of the great minds of the eighteenth century, even while it also implies doubt both in the mind's capacity to incorporate existence and in the validity of the mind's conception of itself as the instrument of reason.


Reference: 520.
Name: Stein, , Susan R.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's Traveling Desks."

Publication: The Magazine Antiques
Volume: 133
Date: (1988) ,
Pages: 1156-59.
Notes: Describes TJ's various traveling desks, or lap desks, with useful illustrations.


Reference: 521.
Name: Strout, , Cushing.
Title: "Jeffersonian Religious Liberty and American Pluralism"
in
Publication: The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom , ed. Peterson and Vaughan (see above).
Pages: 201-36.
Notes: Discusses the legacy of TJ's Statute and his opinions on religious freedom, pointing out that the Virginia Statute was a local act and not a national one and that it is not identical with the First Amendment. The nationalization of TJ's Statute, nevertheless, reflects major changes in the American people as they have become a progressively more pluralistic body. The greater radicalism of the Statute (as compared to the First Amendment) was bound to cause controversy, but it was also crucial for a "post-Protestant" era.


Reference: 522.
Name: Tauber, , Gisela.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson: Relationships with Women."

Publication: American Imago
Volume: 45
Date: (1988) ,
Pages: 431-47.
Notes: Attempts to construct "a kind of composite design" for TJ's mother by examining his relationships with five women. Claims TJ developed a pattern of attaching himself to women who needed consolation, occasionally even leaving them in order to revive their urge for seeking consolation. TJ was supposedly unconsciously repeating in masochist fashion early scenes of trauma and consolation between himself and his mother. Unfortunately, the relationships described are largely hypothetical (e.g. Mrs. George Wythe, Mrs. Walker, etc.) and the ones about which more is known, such as with Mrs. Cosway fit the author's description less well. Some items asserted as fact are at best dubious; still, a sometimes suggestive essay despite its many problems.


Reference: 523.
Name: Upton, , Dell.
Title: "New Views of the Virginian Landscape."

Publication: Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
Volume: 96
Date: (1988) ,
Pages: 403-70.
Notes: Offers a narrative and critical overview of work on Virginia architectural history done since the early 1970s, a period which has seen radically new approaches and conclusions. 451-57 cover TJ. Criticizes the "exceptionalist" tendency of much scholarship on TJ's architecture, which views it out of context and views TJ as an isolated, abstracted figure. Calls for studies of Monticello as a typical large Virginia plantation of the early national period, putting the architecture in its social, economic, and political context. Suggests TJ was less a mentor of the first generation of professional architects in America than he was their patron and fan. Informative essay.


Reference: 524.
Name: Urofsky, , Melvin I.
Title: "Adams, Jefferson, and the Courts"
in
Publication: A March of Liberty: A Constitutional History of the United States .
City: New York:
Publisher: Alfred A. Knopf,
Date: 1988.
Pages: 171-97.
Notes: Straightforward account of TJ's role in events important to the development of the constitutional understanding such as the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, the response to the Judiciary Act of 1801, the constitutional questions brought up by the Louisiana Purchase, the impeachment of Samuel Chase, and the trial of Aaron Burr. Based on standard sources.


Reference: 525.
Name: Webking, , Robert H.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson"
in
Publication: The American Revolution and the Politics of Liberty .
City: Baton Rouge:
Publisher: Louisiana State University Press,
Date: 1988.
Pages: 92-109.
Notes: Describes TJ's political thought as contained in the Summary View and the Declaration. Notes that Summary View is the first major work by an American political thinker of the period to concentrate upon the King and not merely on Parliament. Makes the usual point about the Declaration's "harmonizing sentiments" and emphasizes its basis in natural rights and individual self-interest rather than in larger social concerns. A rather conventional and conservative portrayal of TJ as an unthreatening political thinker.


Reference: 526.
Name: Will, , George F.
Title: "Gorbachev, Meet Jefferson."

Publication: Newsweek
Volume: 112
Date: (December 19, 1988) ,
Pages: 76.
Notes: "Jefferson's message, not Robespierre's or Marx's, is the one reverberating today." On the failure of Marxism, not about TJ.


Reference: 527.
Name: Wills, , Garry.
Title: "Adams Stalking Jefferson."

Publication: Grand Street
Volume: 7
Date: (Summer, 1988) . 140-53.
Notes: An insightful essay exploring Henry Adams's quest for the "meaning" of TJ, a meaning ultimately found in TJ's profound ironies and in Adams's own humor.


Reference: 528.
Name: Wilson, , Douglas L.
Title: "The Fate of Jefferson's Farmer."

Publication: North Dakota Quarterly
Volume: 56
Date: (Fall, 1988) ,
Pages: 23-34.
Notes: A thoughtful essay which answers the question of what happened to TJ's agrarian ideal by arguing that while it at first seemed to fit American conditions, it ultimately had "little appeal as a practical goal for a nation of restless achievers." It survived as an ideal, however, as the Agrarian Myth, championed in recent years by Wendell Berry and others, but the perils of prosperity have done in many American farmers as they did TJ himself. Comments on the numerous reasons for TJ's economic failure and likens his situation to that recently experienced by a number of farmers in the American Midwest.