Reference: 1.

Notes: Listed as # 2574 in TJCAB . Surveys the range of TJ's scientific interests; see the author's 1990 scientific biography of TJ, listed below, for his fullest statement on this subject.

Reference: 2.

Notes: Listed as # 111 in TJCAB. Pursues the history of TJ's lap desk and in the course of the discussion covers the occasion of the writing of the Declaration, the house in Philadelphia where he wrote it, the subsequent history of the desk up to its donation to the nation, and the manufacture and dispersal of several facsimile desks (which have sometimes been mistaken for the original). Illustrations of the desk, the Graff house in which TJ wrote the decoration, and of ancillary correspondence add to the value of this delightfully antiquarian study.

Reference: 3.

Notes: Listed as # 2724 in TJCAB . Records and analyzes likenesses of TJ made for public consumption during his presidency. The many popular likenesses which were widely distributed reflect interest in TJ and in the office of the presidency, and they also display the state of the arts in the early republic. Covers engravings, pictures on ceramics, cloth, etc., caricatures. Informative.

Reference: 4.

Notes: Listed as # 328 in TJCAB . The most extensive of the various replies to the resurrection of the Callender scandals by Fawn Brodie and others. It undercuts its own case, however, by its extreme defensiveness and exaggerated tone and by treating a fiction such as Barbara Chase-Riboud's novel as a serious threat to TJ's historical reputation. More effective replies have been made by scholars such as Douglas Adair and others to those giving credence to a TJ-Sally Hemings affair.

Reference: 5.

Notes: The Jeffersonian founding sketchily covered in the first eight pages, the rest of the volume a more or less anecdotal history of the later University with little attention to the issue of the success or failure of TJ's original vision. Disappointing. See the 1983 essay by John S. Whitehead listed below.

Reference: 6.

Notes: Claims TJ advocated dissent for specific reasons and under carefully defined conditions in the pursuit of carefully defined goals. Dissent for him was less an isolated act than an attitude, a process which could correct a wayward, insensitive government on the one hand and encourage a society of free, politically articulate and self-governing men. Argues that TJ presents a seminal theory of truly democratic dissent, a new philosophical and political blending of theory with the pragmatic requirements of egalitarian government.

Reference: 7.

Notes: Discusses Jefferson's long-standing interest in the West, particularly the trans-Mississippi West, the recorded knowledge available to him, his support of exploring parties, and his plans for settlement and development. Chapters on Lewis and Clark, Zebulon Pike, and the Red River explorations of William Dunbar and Thomas Freeman. Examines dealings with the Sac and Fox Indians as a case study representative of TJ's Indian policy as a whole and his determination that the Louisiana Purchase would be used for resettlement of tribes east of the Mississippi. Contends that for all presidents from TJ through Jackson the results of Indian policy were the same although details and degree of compassion differed; the government caved in first to pressure from settlers and land speculators, then the Indians. Concludes that in western matters as in many others TJ was not so much an innovator as a reactor, "at his finest when responding brilliantly to unexpected events, Mackenzie's startling voyage across Canada, or Napoleon's thunderbolt offer to sell Louisiana." Listed as # 2916 in TJCAB

Reference: 8.

Notes: Brief introduction by John M. Lindsey notes the significance of this book, originally published in 1829, focusing particularly on TJ's appendix on "Whether Christianity is a part of the Common Law?"

Reference: 9.

Notes: Selection of "Gems from Jefferson," topically arranged. Introduction and brief commentary. A useful volume for speechwriters in search of sound bites.

Reference: 10.

Notes: The final volume of Malone's definitive, six volume biography of TJ. Covers the years from 1809 and TJ's retirement from the presidency through his death in 1826. Notable for its treatment of the private life of TJ in retirement, the matter of the Batture Controversy which dragged on after he left the White House, the sale of his library to the nation, and his labors to establish the University of Virginia, his responses to the Missouri Compromise and the new set of political questions that emerged after the War of 1812, and his troubled financial situation of his last years. Marked by Malone's usual high standards of scholarship, and by a balance and judgment that had seemed threatened at times by defensiveness in some of the earlier volumes. Listed as # 763 in TJCAB

Reference: 11.

Notes: An interview between Malone and Freudenberg conducted shortly after Malone had published the final volume of his Jefferson and His Time . Discusses the beginnings of Malone's interest in TJ, his biographical methods and principles, and his assessment of TJ's character.

Reference: 12.

Notes: Contends that, partly in response to his awareness of the economic and political inequality of Europe, TJ argues for the right of every individual not to be denied access to the means of labor. Because he conceives of man as dynamic, evolving being who is naturally both social and moral, he consciously attempts to construct a political system, eg. his ward republics, that will allow for maximum citizen participation. TJ is qualitatively different from Madison and presents the outlines for a democratic-socialistic alternative to the present market ideology. Published in revised version as The Radical Politics of Thomas Jefferson (1984), for which see below.

Reference: 13.

Notes: Expanded edition of earlier title (see # 810 in TJCAB ) containing letters exchanged between TJ and his brother Randolph and description of their relationship by Mayo; useful additions by James A. Bear, Jr.

Reference: 14.

Notes: Independence Day Address, July 4, 1981. Celebrating "the miracle of American citizenship" at the traditional naturalization ceremonies held at Monticello. Argues that for TJ the right of all persons to choose their own citizenship was an essential meaning of the American Revolution. Links this belief to his allegiance to principles of "constituent sovereignty." Notes his inclusion of the right of expatriation in his proposed laws for Virginia and also his mistake in excluding some from possible citizenship because of race.

Reference: 15.

Notes: Finds TJ and the other presidents shared many beliefs while disagreeing on some aspects of higher education. Concludes that higher education today serves the purpose of educating a democratic citizenry which these men envisioned, although the educational problems they faced still persist to some extent. Standard facts and no ground-breaking opinions.

Reference: 16.

Notes: Focuses on the structure of the book, arguing that it reveals the political motives behind the composition. TJ considered the political implications of nature and human nature in their universal aspect and their particular American manifestations. His vision of an enlightened republic was paradoxically related to an understanding of the Enlightenment as presented by Locke and to an understanding of republicanism as presented by Montesquieu.

Reference: 17.

Notes: Introduction by Frederick D. Nichols; on TJ's original concept, Stanford White's reconstruction, and the modern restoration. Generously illustrated. Previously cited, TJCAB , # 3373.

Reference: 18.

Notes: Describes the building of Monticello, influenced architecturally by "Andrew Palladio," Roman antiquities, and French domestic architecture. Nothing new.

Reference: 19.

Notes: Discusses the growth of American agriculture in the early national period and situates TJ's espousal of natural rights and limited government in the context of the favorable prospects during this period for family farms, at least in this country rather than in Great Britain. Commentary by Diane E. Lindstrom on 61-69.

Reference: 20.

Notes: Brief discussion of the impact of anecdotes on TJ's public reputation, followed by several anecdotes illustrating various of his attributed virtues.

Reference: 21.

Notes: Advice for tourists to Williamsburg, Richmond, and Charlottesville who wish to pursue Jeffersonian associations as they sightsee and dine.

Reference: 22.

Notes: Illustrated account of TJ's plan for the University of Virginia.

Reference: 23.

Notes: Argues that TJ's founding of West Point needs to be understood in the context of his efforts to create and safeguard a new, republican regime. TJ hoped to use the Academy to break up the upperclass monopoly of education.

Reference: 24.

Reference: 65.

Notes: Author claims to be the founder of the "American Christian Church" and reprints the English portions of "The Life and Morals of Jesus." He approves of TJ because his bible removes the implication that Jesus was a supernatural being and, as his subsequent "New Declaration" reveals, because TJ's text is "non-Jewish." An attempt to use TJ for the purposes of anti-Semitic and white supremacist propaganda. Distasteful, to say the least.

Reference: 66.

Notes: Listed as # 13 in TJCAB . Cites approximately 1400 items on Jefferson or the Declaration of Independence, both scholarly and popular, with descriptive annotations.

Reference: 67.

Notes: Concludes that TJ's and Condorcet's educational plans were the most comprehensive and democratic proposals written during the American and French Revolutions, but other proposals were followed because these were too "radical" in implication and events worked against implementation. Contents of the two plans were influenced by their common origins in eighteenth-century Atlantic civilization and the democratic revolutions. TJ and Condorcet for the first time envisioned universal civic education as a necessary and possible practical goal for the new republics.

Reference: 68.

Notes: Contains Boyd's last long Editorial Note, entitled "Fixing the Seat of Government," which brings together papers concerning the planning for the new national capital. Boyd argues that "Jefferson's impress upon the plan for the capital is far greater than realized," and Pierre L'Enfant's has been accordingly somewhat exaggerated. Also includes a block of letters to Gouverneur Morris and others on "Sources of Foreign Intelligence."

Reference: 69.

Notes: Discusses Harriet Beecher Stowe's critique of TJ for diluting liberalism by despairing of the possibility of giving a liberal education to all. Claims Stowe, unlike TJ, concludes that "certain artifices--manners-" are required in order to achieve the actual existence of a particular community which can convey to men the idea of the end of their existence.

Reference: 70.

Notes: Contends that TJ's vision for America in the 1780's was both agrarian and commercial. He envisioned a food-producing economy for an international market, thus economic independence and a rising standard of living. Debate between Jeffersonians and Hamiltonians was over how best to realize America's economic potential, "a struggle between two different elaborations of capitalistic development." TJ is not, as many historians have portrayed him, the loser in a battle against modernity but the winner in a contest over how the government should serve its citizens. Criticizes the "retrospective bias" which identifies modernity with industrialism and points out that the agriculturalists were responding to the economic realities (and apparent future) of their moment. In resisting Hamilton's policies the Republicans forwent the divisions historians have focused on in explaining party formation, -- rich vs. poor, merchants vs. farmers, commercial interests vs. proponents of self-sufficiency, -- because they believed that a freely developing economy would benefit all.

Reference: 71.

Notes: Contends that "more than another figure in his generation Jefferson integrated a program of economic development and a policy for nation building into a radical moral theory." This integration is most demonstrable in the later period of his life when he embraced the ideas of Destutt de Tracy, although a case is made for appearance of it in at least elementary forms as early as the time his appearance in the Continental Congress. Argues that TJ's commitment to an expanding commercial agriculture and later to commerce in general was linked to an optimistic assessment in individual moral possibility that differentiated him from the reverence for the past and the anxiety about the future characteristic of the tradition of civic humanism described by J.G.A. Pocock, John Murrin, and others. If the author's claims at their most far-reaching do not always seem to be fully supported by the evidence offered, they are nonetheless well enough grounded to offer a serious challenge to those historians who argue for the continuation as late as 1815 of a classical, "Country-minded" politics. An important essay.

Reference: 72.

Notes: Not seen.

Reference: 73.

Notes: Claims that TJ, along with Franklin, John Woolman, and John Adams in their autobiographies downplayed their self-importance by offering a justification for writing their own lives, by using parable forms, and by alluding to the power of Divine Providence. These conventions work to establish an autobiographical form and to present a shared self-conception: the exemplary self. Where the eighteenth-century religious autobiographer reaffirmed a universe of verities, the secular autobiographers tended to clarify and expand important aspects in American history. In each case early American autobiographers emphasized universal principles, while diminishing individual importance, and thus, it is argued, the secular writers emulated the spiritual writers. Does not do justice to the particular character of TJ's autobiography (or Franklin's) by flattening it against the model of spiritual autobiography, and ignores rhetorically different functions of seemingly similar devices such as parable.

Reference: 74.

Notes: Focuses on the supposed tension in liberalism between regarding religion as merely the maintenance of opinion even as it requires that opinion for smooth operation of the polity. Sees TJ as closest American theorist to Locke and describes him as a "republican deist," but contends that the Declaration ultimately points not to the deists' "architect of the universe" but to a personal and active God. Poorly edited and proofread attempt to reinscribe a more conservative TJ and Declaration.

Reference: 75.

Notes: Excellent article-length treatment of TJ's interests in science. Makes the distinction that he should more accurately be termed a "man of science" rather than a "scientist." Traces subsequent history of his scientific collections; the fossils have ended up in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Reference: 76.

Reference: 111.

Notes: Keepsake of an exhibition, 16 October--31 December, 1983, with a brief introduction; the Library houses 152 titles once owned by TJ, mostly from his last library formed after the great library had been sold to the Library of Congress.

Reference: 112.

Notes: Well informed, elegantly written and presented treatment of TJ's life-long architectural project. Separate chapters cover his architectural reading and the buildings he would have known in Virginia before he began building Monticello, the first Monticello project, the second Monticello, his landscaping of the grounds, his furnishings for the house, and the subsequent history of Monticello. Illustrated with handsome photographs and with reproductions of TJ's architectural drawings. Argues more strongly than some other architectural historians do for a fairly direct, significant Palladian influence. A major book on Monticello.

Reference: 113.

Notes: "Second edition, revised." (1st in 1981, not seen). First 334 pages are a biography by Allison, "Thomas Jefferson, Champion of Liberty," and the rest is a collection of quotations arranged topically under the heading of "Timeless Treasures from Thomas Jefferson." In contradistinction to the "analyses" and "interpretations" of other historians, this volume purports to give the "real" TJ in his own words. Naive and uncritical.

Reference: 114.

Notes: Examines changing concepts of equal educational opportunity in order to develop better policies in the present. Examines what each man meant by the term equal educational opportunity [a term TJ never used as such] and relates it to each man's philosophical views regarding human nature, individual responsibility, and the "Good Society." TJ realized the threat of institutions to personal liberty, but because Mann and Dewey lived in a world beginning to view man more as a creature than a creator of his institutions, they sought to equalize opportunity by expanding rather than by limiting institutional power.

Reference: 115.

Notes: Intended to supplement O'Neal's 1969 bibliography of work on TJ's architectural activities. Annotated.

Reference: 116.

Notes: Examines the composition of the Seventh through the Tenth Congresses in order to consider the relationship between President and Congress on specific foreign policy issues. Contends that TJ's changing relationship with Congress helps explain the foreign policy successes of his first term and the failures of his second. In TJ's first term Congress was relatively docile, disciplined, and cooperative, and he was able to turn even the Federalist opposition to use in acquiring Western territory. Congress also gave him extensive authority to deal with the Barbary Pirates. In the Ninth Congress, however, the relationship began to break down relative to foreign affairs as a consequence of the revolt led by John Randolph and the Federalist opposition headed by Timothy Pickering. In the first session of the Tenth Congress TJ dominated Congress completely, but his support collapsed in the second session with the apparent failure of the embargo policy. He all but abdicated his authority during the last four months in office and left the Congress and nation virtually leaderless.

Reference: 117.

Notes: As the title suggests, the focus is not primarily on TJ but it offers a useful account of his foreign policy concerns after the Louisiana Purchase agreement. Argues for TJ's neutrality as president towards Great Britain and France and a deep-seated desire for peace. Neither his domestic opponents nor the British believed in his neutrality, however, and the British in consequence rode rough-shod over American rights. French diplomatic observers more correctly saw him as an American nationalist above all, even if he was sympathetic to France.

Reference: 118.

Notes: In discussing the work of Friends (Quakers) in the world, the author appeals to the examples of Jesus (especially Matthew 25:31-40) and TJ. TJ is interesting because his ideas "delimit the domain of politics" and because he exemplifies a hope necessary for survival in the world. This hope "that things in general will work out" is not the same as optimism, "hope made specific," and thus includes a necessary skepticism about any single human endeavor.

Reference: 119.

Notes: Only a few pages directly on TJ; analyzes the political system and practice rather than focusing on "leaders" as such.

Reference: 120.

Notes: Regrets that Wythe is not better known, since the better we knew him and his close relationship with TJ, the better, too, we would understand Jefferson. Wythe the revolutionary wished to establish an American jurisprudence within the framework of the English common law, and with TJ and Edmund Pendleton proposed a drastic, simplified redrafting of Virginia statutory law.

Reference: 121.

Notes: Not specifically about TJ but discusses him and members of his family in passing through the book. First rate social history which has much to say about the values and experience of family life in Virginia, particularly among the literate middle and upper classes at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries. After an opening portrayal of the pre-Revolutionary gentry, chapters are organized thematically around religion, death (TJ's response to his wife's death bridged two modes of mourning; his determination to reenter public life and obliterate the traces of his grief was typical of the eighteenth century, but his near collapse after her death prefigured later sentimental responses), worldly success, and love. A final chapter considers the transformation of values that took place between the revolutionary generation for whom civic affairs had been a way of life and the generation of their grandchildren who found greatest meaning in private family life.

Reference: 122.

Notes: A collection of handsome color photographs taken by Llewellyn; foreword by Dumas Malone; commentary by Charles Granquist.

Reference: 123.

Reference: 129.

Notes: Brief account, generously illustrated with photographs by Langdon Clay.

Reference: 130.

Notes: Not seen.

Reference: 131.

Notes: Argues for a connection between the ideas of the pursuit of happiness and a spirit of enterprise, "a sense of venturesome self-reliance which is essential to happiness" and is grounded in the thinking of Bacon and Hobbes. Claims their "psychology of endeavor" differs from Locke's denial of the freedom of the will, (although it is debatable if TJ and most of his compatriots would have read Locke in this way). Interestingly suggests that Bacon's conception of science as a disciplining of the mind through deliberate experience figures in the tradition of American republicanism which notably differed from classical republicanism in its acceptance of time as a medium of change and chance. Concedes that Hobbes had no overt influence in Revolutionary America, but suggests that his ideas made their influence felt through the works of Priestley, Blackstone, Hume, Hutcheson, and Locke. An ambitious and challenging essay.

Reference: 132.

Notes: Surveys TJ's proposed temples and garden buildings for Monticello, only one of which was built. The temple he built on the edge of the stone wall overlooking the vegetable garden collapsed by 1827, perhaps because of a poorly laid foundation. His earliest projects were inspired by literary and romantic associations, but he was also interested in constructing historically and archaeologically accurate designs of Chinese, classical, and Palladian architecture. By 1800 he showed more interest in the symbolic values of structures, with a preference for classic forms suggesting the republican vision.

Reference: 133.

Notes: Notes the tendency many of our most persuasive readings of the Declaration to map its text against the tradition which supposedly contains its key terms; if it seems hopeless to assess the precise degree of credit each contending "tradition" bears, the history of the Declaration's interpretations points to the complex problem of intertextuality, here evidenced by one of its first interpreters, Peter Whitney, a minister in Northborough, Massachusetts, in 1776. His sermon, American Independence Vindicated , "misreads," i.e. creatively interprets, the Declaration as congruent with the political concerns of Real Whigs as well as with those of evangelical Christians. Encouraged by textual images of slavery, of paternal and Christian responsibility, and of involuntary social and historical rupture, Whitney exploited the protean qualities of the Declaration's text which allowed diverse and even divergent interpretations.

Reference: 134.

Notes: Argues that TJ's plans for the University of Virginia reflect his awareness of his own mediating position between the natural and cultural universes. he thus invented a "middle landscape," one neither wild nor refined, for America, and the University represents his "architectural incarnation." Interesting analysis of the pavilions, concentrating upon the elevations.

Reference: 135.

Notes: Using "analog-criticism," compares the 1801 and 1981 inaugural speeches, both addresses following a "pivotal election," for responses to questions about excessive federal powers, mistaken foreign policy, and the large number of citizens with negative perceptions of each man. Claims both men developed effective rhetorical strategies of conciliation and moderation to gain voter approval, and goes on to contend that this similarity in two pivotal election inaugurals suggests the high degree to which rhetorical response is contingent upon the situation. "The situation controls the rhetorical response," in effect. See below for critique by Gregg Phifer which exposes the simplistic attitude toward comparison of texts from different historical periods.

Reference: 136.

Notes: Rebuts Phifer's critique (see below) of the preceding piece by accusing it of being politically biased.

Reference: 137.

Reference: 170.

Notes: Thoroughly researched account of TJ's efforts to preserve copies of his letters and papers, first through use of a copy press, later by means of the polygraph. Discussion focuses on the latter device, including its earlier versions, and provides insight on TJ's relationship with Charles Willson Peale, the manufacturer of his polygraphs. Explains the drawbacks and continuing problems with the device and illumines TJ's efforts to encourage its use by others. Although copying machines might be considered one more minor "gadget" in TJ's gallery of useful contrivances, the author's solid scholarship is both entertaining and finally suggestive in several directions concerning TJ's production of writing.

Reference: 171.

Notes: The editor's introduction ( 3-90) describes fully TJ's interest in exploring the southern parts of the Louisiana Purchase and his negotiations with William Dunbar and Thomas Freeman to bring this about. Discusses as well his interest in natural history and his difficulty in finding competent naturalists to record material in this region. Informative about responses of the Spanish authorities who defined the southern borders of the Louisiana territory rather differently and were nervous about the activities of Aaron Burr. The author describes the limited geographical knowledge concerning the head of the Red River and notes that the Americans generally assumed it rose somewhere near Santa Fe and could open direct trade with that Spanish possession. Describes the 1806 expedition to explore the Red River by arranging in chronological order material from the journal and reports of Freeman and Peter Custis (the expedition's naturalist). Thoroughly annotated; a major source for this aspect of TJ's interest in the West.

Reference: 172.

Notes: Provides a comprehensive account of the state of scientific work and thought in the early republic and, in the author's words, "gives considerable prominence to the ideas and activities of Thomas Jefferson, not because he was a great scientist, which he was not, but because he participated in one way or another in nearly every field of scientific inquiry, stimulating his compatriots with his ideas and researches and inspiring them with the knowledge that their efforts were appreciated at the highest level of government." Gives less focus on the coherence at the personal level of TJ's scientific interests than does the earlier study of Edwin T. Martin (3073) and less attention to the ideological context of the American scientific world than Daniel J. Boorstin (2144), but easily surpasses each with its well-researched and detailed account of American scientists and their activities. Fifteen chapters discuss major centers of scientific activity and then the status of astronomy, chemistry, geography, geology, botany, zoology and paleontology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and comparative linguistics and the problem of Indian origins.

Reference: 173.

Notes: Extracts from TJ's writings without comment or notes. Insignificant for scholarly purposes.

Reference: 174. 174.

Notes: Contends that since 1826 America has abandoned TJ's "faith in the individual's right and ability to enlighten himself," with schools shifting first to attempting to inculcate a common moral viewpoint, then to instill essential values for citizenship in a democracy. At the same time, he argues, schools have increasingly passed from the control of parents to "government and educational reformers." TJ's wall of separation doctrine supposedly would bar a state role in education since "education is primarily a spiritual-intellectual process" and thus falls on the church side of the wall. Claims public funds should be available to private schools and state-imposed guidelines and mandates should be removed from public schools. Dubious propositions, reifications, partial history, and faulty logic mar the argument here.

Reference: 175.

Notes: In Polish.

Reference: 176.

Notes: Contends that TJ has been more misrepresented or misunderstood than any other founding father. Both conflict historians such as Beard and consensus historians such as Hartz see him as the prophet of a liberal future, based in Locke and exemplified by a triumphant capitalism. On the other hand ideological historians such as Bailyn and Pocock by emphasizing the influence of the whig, republican tradition portray a TJ defined by a nostalgic desire for an Edenic past. The picture of TJ is further clouded by a tendency among many writers to confuse Jefferson and "Jeffersonian" idea systems, and Matthews particularly emphasizes the need to disengage TJ from Madison, who stands ideologically closer to Hamilton in his view. Looks at TJ's notions of property, human nature, and personal ends in order to argue for a figure whose humanism, communitarian anarchism, and radical democracy "stand as an alternative to the market liberalism of the past and present." Uses insights from Hannah Arendt and C. B. Macpherson in order to contend that TJ "not only presents a radical critique of American market society but also provides an image for ... a consciously made, legitimately democratic future." Somewhat overstates the case for TJ's radicalism, but nonetheless a thoughtful monograph and a useful corrective to the tendency to try to normalize TJ as a genial liberal.

Reference: 177.

Notes: Examines the lives of two political founders of the United States and discusses their impact on the emerging political institutions of the bourgeois republic. In Russian.

Reference: 178.

Notes: In Polish; summary in English. Argues for party formation out of the rivalry between provincial elites oriented toward trade and industry on the one hand and agricultural (particularly Southern) interests on the other. Categorizes TJ rather too easily as an agrarian republican and contends in too simplistic and presentistic a manner that the party system and party mechanisms of today have essentially been in place since the end of the eighteenth century. Sees TJ as an ideological and party leader, perhaps more than he actually was. Argues that his goal in the 1790's was to create a strong, well-organized permanent opposition; this work may have more relevance to the Poland of the 1980's than to the United States of the 1790's. The comparison, although allowed to remain merely implicit, is interesting.

Reference: 179.

Notes: Focuses on TJ's religious ideas, seeking to project a vision of him as, in the terms of the initial chapter, a "religious person." Attempts to discover a TJ safe for a Christianity more conventional than his own, one in which belief and faith are more important than reason and principle and in which TJ, "when he was not being unduly influenced by his Enlightenment authors," recognized "higher concepts of God." Chapters on TJ's Bibles are written without benefit of consulting Dickinson W. Adams's work and before the publication of the Papers edition of Extracts from the Gospels , and they are consequently dated. The fullest attempt to deal with a significant theme in TJ's life and thought, sometimes suggestive but ultimately disappointing.

Reference: 180.

Notes: A checklist which is neither particularly well thought out nor well presented. Not useful.

Reference: 181.

Notes: Argues that differing court practices and essentially different conceptions of sovereignty and the nature of law separate English and American conceptions of jurisprudence. Concerned with particular and differing conceptions of reason and will, and of law and government, offered by John Adams, TJ, and Alexander Hamilton, political thinkers whose writings contributed not only to the formulation of the Constitution but also, unavoidably, to later understandings of it.

Reference: 182.

Notes: Claimed by right and left, TJ stands not so much for democracy as for freedom understood as liberation from all social authority. He "wrote the last will and testament" for the founding fathers, and his bequests have generated the conflicts among us, his heirs. Central for understanding TJ is his trust in man to be able to take care of himself, and his distrust of authority generated the "paradox of a passionately committed president working to divest the presidency of national relevance."

Reference: 183.

Notes: Review essay of Joyce Appleby's Capitalism and a New Social Order (1984) weighing its argument for the liberal and capitalist orientation of the Jeffersonians against the views of scholars such as Lance Banning who emphasize the debt they owe to classical republican ideology. Makes an essential point often overlooked in these efforts at ideological definition, "We need to know how typical a Jeffersonian Jefferson was." Finds that over various issues such as virtue, equality, commerce, and capitalism, the labels often do not stick when applied so as to discriminate between (among) Jeffersonians and Federalists.

Reference: 184.

Notes: Informative account of the instruments used on the Lewis and Clark expedition. TJ had definite opinions about the scientific data to be collected and the instruments to be used. He made his library and instruments available to Lewis for his instruction in their use, and he consulted with numerous scientific experts for advice on the expedition's scientific program. Lewis selected the actual instruments which are now dispersed and lost. Discusses use of various instruments. Illustrated with photographs of similar period scientific instruments.

Reference: 185.

Notes: Examines how American opinion on church-state relations shifted from Roger Williams's tolerationist position to TJ's advocacy of full religious freedom. TJ's position necessitates a separation of church and state, which should be maintained against threats in our day.

Reference: 186.

Notes: Presents an instructional unit in which academically gifted students analyze the contributions of TJ to American society. Suggests various instructional strategies such as a background assignment, study activities, discussion questions based on a text, culminating activities, and differentiated activities. Lists filmstrips and other resources.

Reference: 187.

Notes: Brief accounts, with anecdotes.

Reference: 188.

Notes: Mills sought TJ's support for his plans for a proposed South Carolina penitentiary. Focus on Mills's plans excludes any real discussion of relations with TJ. Peripheral.

Reference: 189.

Notes: Discusses 1981 excavations on Mulberry Row, particularly the fragments of animal bones found outside the doorway of a building used originally to store nail rod but later apparently for human occupation and the contents of a dry well or deep cellar dug near the original kitchen yard. The first gives some evidence of the contents of the slaves diet and the latter of that of the main house. Pig, cow, and sheep remains were at both sites, but the dry well had more remains from younger animals and bones associated with meatier cuts such as roasts. Bones at the storehouse were more fragmented, suggesting use of meat in stews, etc., and dry well bones were more likely to show burn marks suggesting roasting or grilling. Pig remains were the most common type at each site, but sheep remains were considerably more common in the dry well than at the storehouse site. Evidence also points to the use of somewhat older animals at the storehouse site.

Reference: 190.

Reference: 234.

Notes: If TJ was not the first American to collect and study vertebrate paleontological remains, he was more than any other American responsible for popularizing the subject and for preserving many fossil specimens. His interest developed as he began preparing the manuscript of Notes on the State of Virginia , and over the next three decades he expended considerable time, effort, and financial expense in pursuing new finds. An authoritative account, describing his interest in the finds at Big Bone Lick and elsewhere, the megalonyx, and his support of the American Philosophical Society's collection. Illustrated.

Reference: 235.

Notes: Argues that TJ did not ignore the regular military establishment but undertook a political reform of it in order to insure its loyalty to the new regime, for which he had ample reason for concern. Recognizing the necessity for regular forces, he aimed to Republicanize the army by appointing Republican officers at every opportunity, by winning over moderate Federalists, and ultimately by expanding the force and adding new Republican officers. The creation of a military academy was a means to train poorly prepared but politically correct young men, and the 1808 expansion of the army allowed more Republicans to be appointed to senior positions. Understanding TJ's actions as an effort to Republicanize the army resolves the paradoxes generated by earlier views that focused on an anti-army bias. Published in 1987 and noted below.

Reference: 236.

Notes: TJ's "Pell Mell Etiquette" instituted at the White House during his presidency "succeeded chiefly in giving everyone equal offense," although it was a pioneering attempt to devise a code of manners for a democratic, egalitarian society. Despite the author's sometimes brittle wit, this is a thoughtful attempt to work through the principles of a Jeffersonian, democratic etiquette defining a social realm in which "all citizens are ... accorded equal dignity."

Reference: 237.

Notes: Genealogical study of one of TJ's great great grandfathers and his descendants.

Reference: 238.

Notes: Contends that Madison and TJ wanted to check "Aristotlean sedition," the conscious attempt to change a regime's principles or constitution, by providing a stronger basis for the rule of law and restraints on power. They rejected the British variety of constitutionalism because they did not want the politics of those in office at any given moment to overwhelm fundamental law. In the Progressive Era J. Allen Smith, Herbert Croly, Walter E. Weyl, and Woodrow Wilson attempted to loosen these restrictions in order to attempt major reforms in American law and society. Consequently an uneasy tension exists between that part of our tradition which favors constitutional restraints on power and that which opposes them. A political science dissertation which seems to overlook some traditional historical questions--whatever happened to the Federalists?

Reference: 239.

Notes: Notes the tendency of recent scholarship to deny the significance of the Declaration as either the expression of the dominant political thought of the Revolution or of the principles upon which American democracy rests. Argues against this that the Declaration embodies the republican spirit of the Revolution which TJ and the other founders held to be essential to healthy political life and viable self-government. Explores the extent to which TJ's statesmanship was concerned with preserving this spirit from decay or oblivion after the Revolution.

Reference: 240.

Notes: Illuminates TJ's invocation of equality in the Declaration by looking at the social and historical context of this concept in Virginia. Shows a Virginia with "a divided heritage;" if Virginians were caught up in slavery and deference politics, they also had "space enough for free individuals to feel their own strength." Nothing new, but well-grounded in up to date scholarship and intended for secondary and lower-level undergraduates.

Reference: 241.

Notes: Juvenile. Illustrations by Allan Eitzer. A hero for primary grade readers.

Reference: 242.

Notes: Points to disparity between myths about idyllic farmers and the actualities of farm life. Discusses TJ as a formulator of the rural ideal and exposes some inherent contradictions in his most famous statements about farmers (in Notes and the 1785 letter to John Jay). They reflect a distrust of human relationships and yet commit farmers to a world of trade and commerce in order to obtain manufactured goods; his implicit praise for small landowners is belied by the size of his own establishment, and his work as an experimental farmer confirms his recognition of the need for cooperation in agricultural societies. Also considers his changing views on agriculture and manufactures as well as the considerable array of predecessors who contributed to the rural myth of America.

Reference: 243.

Notes: Argues against those who claim to discover a unity between theory and experience in TJ as well as against interpreters who see simply contradiction; claims instead that TJ's writing, particularly in Notes , demonstrates an "antithetical unity" in which theory and experience "are bound together in a dynamic, internally contradictory whole, in which the function of experience is its interruption and resistance of thought's tendency toward complacent self-enclosure and self-consistency." By employing a "diverse cognitive repertoire" of sometimes discrepant understandings, TJ is simultaneously able to discover sufficient categories for the object of his attention even as he can suggest that the object retains a mysteriousness, a plurality of possibilities beyond the limits of any single category. He also, as the treatment of Native Americans and blacks reveals, voices historically particular attitudes even as he suspects his attitudes are historically determined, and parallel to this movement of self-correction is his vision of a republic defined not by an homogeneous vision of society but by the free argument of endlessly recurring differences. A rich and stimulating essay.

Reference: 244.

Notes: Uses Kenneth Burke's rhetorical theory to examine the first inaugural speeches by Washington, TJ, Lincoln, Franklin Roosevelt, and Kennedy. Demonstrates the presence of image patterns of time, space, violence, and transcendence. Concludes that the inaugural speeches communicate transformation of identity by defining the people, defining the relationship between them and the President, and by defining their joint purpose. Hardly surprising.

Reference: 245.

Notes: TJ as host. The usual treatment.

Reference: 246.

Notes: Discusses the University of Virginia buildings and Monticello as examples of TJ's desire to create national building models for the American landscape. A richly suggestive essay which considers TJ's ability to adapt European traditions to a specific American environment and which argues that his buildings take on a more convincing unity when viewed as parts of larger ensembles within an uncommitted landscape. Sees the precedents for the University as "a brilliant body of French and English architecture," including chateaux, hospitals, and prisons, and not one building alone. Discusses siting, proportion, and detailing of both achievements as well as the historical relationships between earlier and later American approaches to inhabiting landscapes.

Reference: 247.

Notes: Conventional discussion of TJ's Indian policies and of the checkered history of a letter of April 11, 1806 given to a delegation of Osages, Missouris, Kansas, Otoes, Pawnees, Iowas, Sioux, Potawattomies, Foxes, and Sacs.

Reference: 248.

Notes: Portrays TJ as a rationalist, a rejector of Christianity's claims to supernatural origins, and a philosophical materialist.

Reference: 249.

Notes: Out of concern that America is becoming increasingly "de-Christianized" by liberal, secularist intellectuals, the "ACLU mentality," etc. argues that the First Amendment was really intended to promote freedom for religion. In this context, however, does not confront TJ's ideas about religious freedom and the wall of separation, but instead tries to rescue him for the conservative position as one determined to safeguard society against radical change. Unlike Hamilton, however, he was unwilling to admit the necessity for moral leadership and example of an elite. Relies primarily on secondary sources.

Reference: 250.

Notes: Argues that examination of TJ's and John Taylor's writings reveal essentially the same model of agrarian political economy which is found in Greek and Roman literature. Claims neither abandoned his classical republican heritage, but TJ ultimately saw what Taylor would not: Madison's version of political economy with more room for domestic commerce and manufactures would be necessary to secure the republic. Agrees with Drew McCoy's analysis, described as an attempt to reconcile the positions of Joyce Appleby and J.G.A. Pocock. Claims for the essentiality of the classical model are not well considered and are supported rather more by appeals to the authority of other scholars of a conservative bent than by thoughtful argument.

Reference: 251.

Notes: Sowerby's identification of over 150 books bound for TJ by John March between 1801 and 1807 is at least partly erroneous. March died June 2, 1804, and John Milligan, who did a great deal of binding work for TJ, was the administrator of his estate and seems likely to have used March's tools.

Reference: 252.

Notes: The answer is yes; surveys TJ's gardening and farm interests, but adds nothing new.

Reference: 253.

Notes: Claims that in the years after 1783 "pacifism emerged as a prime civic virtue," a recognition that "the greatest threat to liberty was neither tyranny nor anarchy, but war itself." Cites TJ, Benjamin Rush, Joel Barlow, and others. Not much on TJ.

Reference: 254.

Notes: Draws a strong contrast between TJ and Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, who shared interests in science but were seemingly opposed on everything else. They took opposite approaches to the issue of poverty: TJ sought to eliminate by means of free land and free education in order to assure independence and a classless society, but Rumford aimed to provide housing, food and work for the urban poor, relieving poverty in order to preserve an aristocratic society. Ironically, TJ is the hero of the common man while Rumford is remembered only as the inventor of soup kitchens, although the latter's ideas worked and TJ's didn't. Because this essay does not consider the different situations posed by Munich and America in the 1790's, the comparison is of limited value and its conclusions seem a bit simplistic, especially in its reliance upon cliches of Jefferson scholarship.

Reference: 255.

Notes: Not seen. Presumably a reprinting of similarly titled article by this author, first printed in 1983 (# 143 above).

Reference: 256.

Notes: Calls for awareness of how TJ reconciled inheritance of rhetorical and philosophical conventions with his own beliefs and stylistic habits, particularly his conception of nature as stable and quiescent beneath a dynamic appearance. His insistence that stable principles untainted by history were discernible within history itself motivated the rhetorical designs of Notes as well as his major political pronouncements, but at the same time his thought about nature and humane nature was profoundly dualistic in its fears of turbulence and longing for harmony. He feared that moral, financial, and even sexual economies would capitalize or devalue as one, and, claims the author, a sexual anxiety underlay his worries about Americans' corruptions by an "unnatural" commercial process. He tended to see blacks and women as threats to a pastoral and heterogenous world attuned to the underlying principles of nature. Author qualifies this anxious, authoritarian TJ by pointing to the "mixed intentions" of Notes .

Reference: 257.

Notes: Contends that TJ mythologized Indian culture by appropriating the scheme of old and new dispensations from its Christian prophetical and typological context and adapting it to both connect and distinguish tribal kinship groups under natural law from societies under civil and republican rule. He saw the Indians as natural men who "were to be yeomanized, republicanized, and gathered in the garden of the American West in preparation for the global concord that was Jefferson's political and economic ideal." Sees TJ as projecting his own anxieties about white Virginia culture onto the Indians and claims that his paternalistic and pedagogical rhetoric masks a deep ambivalence about the Indians, particularly after the Louisiana Purchase. While these are not totally novel opinions, this essay is shrewd and insightful in detail.

Reference: 258.

Notes: Detailed account of TJ's receipt of fossil bones from the supposed "megalonyx" and his subsequent report to the American Philosophical Society. He revised the report "only hours before he presented it" because he had read Georges Cuvier's essay on the megatherium, recently unearthed in Paraguay. His hasty speculations about a great lion collapsed when he read Jose Garriga's full account of the megatherium, a sort of giant ground sloth, but he hung on to frontier folklore accounts about a giant cat of some kind.

Reference: 259.

Notes: Notes that TJ's support for universal education went along with an elitist scheme that repeatedly and drastically narrowed the flow of students moving up. Attempts to deal with this paradox lead to at least three views of our present day reality: all students should be treated equally; the slowest learners should get extra resources; the quickest learners should receive a larger shore of the resources. There are contrasting advantages, particularly between the last two views, and we tend to favor inverse proportionality when supporting the kind of education that holds society together and direct proportionality when we allocate technical training. This is an argument implicit, perhaps, in TJ's pyramidical scheme.

Reference: 260.

Notes: Account of archaeological work at Monticello under the author's direction. Of several similar articles by this author, this is notable for its useful illustrations, particularly helpful in making the locations of archaeological finds clear to those who might never have visited Monticello or not visited it recently.

Reference: 261.

Notes: Account of the expansion of the University of Virginia campus discusses the architectural implications of TJ's original design and some of the subsequent failures to consistently follow up on his inspiration. Notes a renewed attention to the Jeffersonian tradition in recent years, however.

Reference: 262.

Notes: Account of the Hemings family, particularly after TJ's death. Adapted in part from a chapter of the author's forthcoming book (published in 1987, see below).

Reference: 263.

Notes: Description of the University of Virginia campus and the restoration of Hotel D on the East Range as a residence for Dean Jacquelin Taylor Robertson of the School of Architecture. Photographic illustrations.

Reference: 264.

Reference: 282.

Notes: "Inaugural-Dissertation zur Elangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität zu München." Sets TJ's political theory in the context of the American Revolution and the republican possibilities in its discourse, then examines his conceptions of the citizen and of government. In German.

Reference: 283.

Reference: 298.