| Volume Thirty-Five | 1993 | |
2. Richard Hofstadter, The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780-1840 (Berkeley and London, 1970), 122-69.
3. The forgoing discussion is based on Lance Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology (Ithaca, N.Y., 1978). But see also Richard Buel, Jr. Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789- 1815 (Ithaca, N.Y. 1972).
4. For a good introduction to this literature see
Robert Shalhope, "Toward a Republican Synthesis: The Emergence of
an Understanding of Republicanism in American Historiography,"
William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 22 (1972) 49-80; and
idem, "Republicanism in early American Historiography," WMQ,
34 (1982) 334-56. For a
5. See my discussion of federalism, with citations to recent work, in "Reflections on the Founding: Constitutional Historiography in Bicentennial Perspective," WMQ, 46 (1989) 341-75, at 356-64. See also Peter B. Knupfer, The Union as It Is: Constitutional Unionism and Sectional Compromise, 1787-1861 (Chapel Hill, 1991), 22-55.
6. Neither Richard K. Matthews nor Garrett Ward Sheldon discusses the Kentucky Resolutions in their recent explications of Jeffersonian political thought. Matthews, The Radical Politics of Thomas Jefferson: A Revisionist View (Lawrence,Kans.,1984); Sheldon, The Political Philosophy of Thomas Jefferson (Baltimore, 1991). David K. Mayer's forthcoming Constitutional Thought of Thomas Jefferson is the only major study that devotes much space to Jefferson's federalism. But Mayer, whose libertarian predilections are apparent, is primarily interested in federalism as a mode of constitutional interpretation .
7. Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation: A Biography (New York,1970),608-25, quotation at 609. For a good recent treatment of the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, see Drew R. McCoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy (New York, 1989), 131-50.
8. Inaugural Address, in Peterson, Portable Jefferson, 292.
9. This theme is elaborated by political theorist Nicholas G. Onuf in our forthcoming collaboration, Federal Union, Modern World: The Law of Nations in an Age of Revolution, 1776-1814.
10. "A Summary View of the Rights of British America" [July 1774], is reprinted in Peterson, Portable Jefferson, 3-21. The quotations are all on 21. See the editorial apparatus and commentary in Julian P. Boyd, ed., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 25 vols. to date (Princeton,1950~ 105-36. My reading of the "Summary View" relies heavily on Stephen A. Conrad, "Putting Rights Talk in Its Place: The Summary View Revisited," in Peter S. Onuf, ed., Jeffersonian Legacies (Charlottesville, Va., 1993), 254-80. See also Anthony M.Lewis, "Jefferson's Summary View as a Chart of Political Union, WMQ, 5 (1948) 35-41. On Wilson and Adams see Peter S. Onuf, The Origins of the Federal Republic: Jurisdictional Controversies in the United States, 1775-1787 (Philadelphia, 1983), 26. The best introduction to the problem of federalism in the British Empire is Jack P. Greene, Peripheries and Center: Constitutional Development in the Extended Polities of the British Empire and the United States, 1607-1788(Athens, Ga., 1986).
11. On Britain's "holding the balance," see the Felix Gilbert, To the Farewell Address: Ideas of Early American Foreign Policy (Princeton, 1961), 19-43. See also Onuf and Onuf, Federal Union, Modern World, chap. 4.
12. On the peace plan tradition see F. H. Hinsley, Power and the Pursuit of Peace: Theory and Practice in the History of Relations between States (Cambridge, U.K., 1963). The importance of this tradition for American constitutional development is briefly discussed in Cathy D. Matson and Peter S. Onuf,A Union of Interests: Political and Economic Thought in Revolutionary America (Lawrence, Kans., 1990), 145-46.
13. These themes are elaborated in Onuf and Onuf, Federal Union, Modern World, introduction, chaps. 4-5.
14. Garry Wills, Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence (Garden City, N.Y., 1978); Matthews, Radical Politics of Thomas Jefferson, 25- 27.
15. For an explication of the "politics of feeling," see Jay Fliegelman, Declaring Independence: Jefferson, Natural Language, and the Culture of Performance (Stanford, 1993) . My understanding of the importance of affective ties in Jeffersonian thought has been enormously enriched by Fliegelman's brilliant book.
16. The text of the Declaration is reprinted in Peterson, Portable Jefferson, 235-41, quotations on 235, references to "colonies" and "states" at 236.
17. Peterson, Portable Jefferson, 239. The corresponding passage in the "Summary View" is at ibid.,18-19. On Jeffersonian historiography, see Trevor H. Colbourn, The Lamp of Experience: Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, 1965), 158-84. For a trenchant discussion of expatriation theory, see John Philip Reid, Constitutional History of the American Revolution: The Authority of Rights (Madison, Wisc., 1986), 114-31.
18. On the "rise of the assemblies" see Jack P. Greene, The Quest for Power: The Lower Houses of Assembly in the Southern Royal Colonies, 1689-1776 (Chapel Hill, 1963), and Greene, Peripheries and Center, 83-97.
19. The literature on this subject is vast. For a review and synthesis see Peter S. Onuf, "Origins and Early Development of the State Legislatures," in Joel Silbey, ed., Encyclopedia of the American Legislative System, forthcoming.
20. The best treatment of this dilemma is Jack N. Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress (New York, 1979), 87110. See also Peter Onuf, "The First Federal Constitution: The Articles of Confederation," in Leonard W. Levy and Dennis J. Mahoney, eds., The Framing and Ratification of the Constitution (New York, 1987), 82-97.
21. Peterson, Portable Jefferson, 236, 235.
22. Ibid.,238. On Congress's "succession" to crown powers see Onuf, Origins of the Federal Republic, 12- 17,and Jerrilyn Greene Marston's excellent King and Congress: The Transfer of Political Legitimacy, 1 774-1776 (Princeton, 1987) .
23. Worthington C. Ford, ed., Journals of the Continental Congress, 34 vols., (Washington, D.C., 1904-37), 4:342, 357-58.
24. Peterson, Portable Jefferson, 241. See the discussion in Fliegelman, Declaring Independence, 21-25 and passim.
25. See the discussion in Peter Onuf, "The Expanding Union," in David T. Konig, ed., Devising Liberty: The Conditions of Freedom in the Early American Republic, forthcoming, and in Onuf and Onuf, Federal Union, Modern World.
26. Appleby, Capitalism and a New Social Order: The Republican Vision of the 1790s (New York, 1984); Appleby, "Jefferson and His Complex Legacy," in Onuf, ed., Jeffersonian Legacies, 1-16.